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Body Systems > 19 > Flashcards

19 Flashcards

1
Q

What instruments do we use to assess lung function?

A
  • Stethoscopes
  • Spirometer
  • Peak flow meter
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2
Q

What are we listening for when using a stethoscope?

A

to listen for
-breath sounds
presence of mucus/fluid
-absence of breath sounds: collapsing lung?

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3
Q

What is a peak flow meter used to measure? And in who?

A
  • measure the speed at which you can exhale
  • used by chronic asthmatics on a regular basis, keep diaries of results
  • need to have a certain amount of skill to use this
  • very specific tool
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4
Q

How does a Spirometer work?

A
  • nose clip worn
  • breathe in and out of the mouth piece
  • water in a container with a floating drum which moves up and down and feeds info into the computer
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5
Q

tidal volume

A

normal amount of air moved in or out in one quiet breath

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6
Q

vital capacity

A

amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after forceful inhalation

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7
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be inhaled after tidal inhalation

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8
Q

total lung capacity

A

the amount of air that can be held in the lungs after mac

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9
Q

residual volume

A

the amount of air that remains in the lungs during deep exhalation

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10
Q

total lung capacity women

A

4.2L

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11
Q

total lung capacity men

A

6L

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12
Q

residual volume men

A

1.2L

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13
Q

residual volume women

A

1.1L

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14
Q

expiratory reserve volume men

A

1.0L

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15
Q

expiratory reserve volume women

A

0.7L

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16
Q

inspiratory reserve volume men

A

3.3l

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17
Q

inspiratory reserve volume women

A

1.9L

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18
Q

Tidal volume for men

A

500ml

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19
Q

Tidal volume for women

A

500ml

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20
Q

what will happen if you breathe out all the air in your lungs

A

they will collapse

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21
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal tidal exhalation

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22
Q

total capacity=

A

IRV + tidal volume + ERV + residual volume

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23
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

-volume of air left in the lungs after normal exhalation
ERV+RV
-cannot be measured by spirometer (because RV can’t)
-helps to stabilise the composition of alveolar air

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24
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal tidal inhaliation

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25
Q

Vital capacity

A

amount of air that can be expired after maximum inspiratory effort
VC=IRV+TV+ERV

26
Q

Vital capacity men

A

4.8L

27
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

volume of air remaining in the lungs after tidal expiration

FRV= ERV+RV

28
Q

vital capacity women

A

3.4L

29
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

amount of air that can be inspired after TIAL exhalation

IC = IRV +TV

30
Q

Bigger volumes for males because

A

higher muscle mass and bigger thoracic cavity due to general size

31
Q

respiratory system adapts to changing oxygen demands by changing the

A

number of breaths per minute (resp rate)

volume of air moved per breath (tidal volume)

32
Q

resp volume x tidal volume =

A

pulmonary ventilation rate/respiratory minute volume

33
Q

average resp rate =

A

12

34
Q

pulmonary ventilation rate at rest is

A

6L per min

35
Q

how much air never reaches alveoli per breath

A

150ml

36
Q

name the parts of the respiratory system where air is present but no gas exchange takes place

A

anatomical dead space

37
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

amount of air reaching alveoli per minute

resp rate x (TV - air in anatomical dead space)
12 x (500-150) =4.2L per minute
38
Q

Smaller lung volumes in:

A 
females 
shorter people 
non athletes 
people at low altitude 
smokers
39
Q

higher lung volumes in:

A 
males 
tall people 
athletes
non smokers
people at high altitude (coz there is less oxygen)
40
Q

forces to overcome while breathing

A

Pulmonary compliance - ease with which lungs can be expanded. effected by:

  • elasticity of lung issue
  • surfactant
  • mobility of chest wall

-Airway resistance

41
Q

elastic recoil

A

inhibits inhalation
aids exhalation (passive process)
we need to overcome elastic recoil on inhaling

42
Q

forces to overcome while inhaling

A
  • elastic recoil
  • surface tension of alveoli
  • airway resistance
43
Q

the intra pleural pressure is a smooth straight line in healthy lung. true or false?

A

false. its a bit wibbly coz we have to overcome certain things when inhaling

44
Q

measuring elasticity of the lung tissue

A
  • a measure of elastic recoil

- done by measuring the compliance of the lung - volume change of the lung resulting from a given change in pressure

45
Q

compliance

A

volume change of the lung resulting from a given change in pressure c=change in

cV/c P L/cmH2O

46
Q

How does mobility of the cage effect breathing?

A

problems with mobility of the cage will increase resistance in breathing

47
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Forces between molecules in a liquid causing them to stick together

48
Q

every time you breathe in your alveoli

A

stretch

-the air fluid interface surface of the fluid is under tension like a thin membrane being stretched

49
Q

Laplaces law

A 
P  = 2T/r
pressure 
surface tension 
radius of an alveolus 
at equilibrium, the tendency of increased pressure to expand the alveolus balances the tendency of the surface tension to collapse it.
50
Q

pulmonary surfactant

A

increases compliance
reduces surface tension
-equalizes the pressure differences between different sized alveoli
so

51
Q

why do we want equal pressure across all aveoli

A

because otherwise air will flow from the high pressure to the low pressure ones and thats just inefficient

52
Q

how do we change the pressure in an alveoli

A

change the amount of surfactant. more surfactant = less tension = less pressure

53
Q

why is there more surfactant in small alveoli

A

to make them easier to inflate coz they are harder

to equalize the pressure across all sizes of alveoli

54
Q

when is surfactant produced

A

28-32 weeks of gestation

55
Q

what is dangerous for babies born at 28-32 weeks

A

their lack of surfactant =

  • reduced compliance
  • alveolar collapse on exhalation
  • difficult to inflate lungs
  • 50% die without rapid treatment
    • treatment is steroids to mature lungs as quickly as possible
56
Q

Air resistance is the

and is mainly determined by

A

main ‘non-elastic’ resistance to airflow

radius

57
Q

where is the highest level of air resistance in the lungs?

A

bronchi.

although they are wider than the bronchioles etc there are more of the smaller passages

58
Q

airway resistance reduces as

A

lung volume increases and the bronchi dilate

59
Q

when do the bronchi dilate

A
  • as the lung expands reducing resistance

- in response to the sympathetic nerves and adrenaline

60
Q

when do the bronchi constrict

A
  • parasympathetic causes smooth muscle to contract and bronchoconstriction
  • in response to stimuli causing reflex bronchoconstriction
  • smoke
  • dust
  • irritants
  • allergens (histamine)
61
Q

another way of measuring respiration (expiration)

A

get someone to breathe out as fast and hard as you can
FVC (forced vital capacity) and FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in 1st second.
majority of air should be breathed out in first second
Find the FEV1 as a percentage of the FVC - should be around 80%
used to assess changes in resistance to airflow for e.g. asthma patients

62
Q

how do you measure changes in resistance to airflow

A

with FVC and FEV1

Body Systems (21 decks)

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