Blood, Heart, & Blood Vessels Flashcards
Test/quiz preparation
____ circulation functions only for the exchange of gases
Pulmonary
Exchange occurs at capillary beds because of:
Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
_____ account for most of the named arteries studied in the anatomy laboratory
Muscular arteries
____ is the build up of plaque in arteries that can develop into blockage.
Atherosclerosis
____ are formed from merging venules.
Veins
____ are blood vessels that have valves
Veins
3 types of arteries are:
Elastic, muscular, and arterioles
The cardiovascular center of the brain consists of the ____
Cardiac centers and the vasomotor center
____ is the joining together of blood vessels to allow for alternative routes for blood to reach the same organ.
Vascular anastomosis
Arteries have a smaller ____ and thicker ____ than corresponding veins
Lumen, tunica
____ is low blood pressure
Hypotension
Resistance is regulated by physical factors including:
Blood vessel diameter, blood viscosity, blood vessel length
Vasoconstriction is directly triggered by the hormone ____
Angiotensin II
Explain what happens to the heart of a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
The heart muscle becomes thickened and causes interference with the heart’s electrical systems
Veins tend to collapse because:
They have thinner tunica and larger lumen than corresponding veins
Oxygen-poor blood is drained from the liver via the ____
Hepatic veins
When measuring BP, the pressure read when the first tapping sounds are heard is the ____ pressure.
Systolic
The middle tunic is the ____.
Tunica Media
Indirect renal mechanisms involve the use of ____ to regulate BV.
Hormones
Anastomosis occurs more frequently in ____.
Veins
True or False: There are brachiocephalic veins in the left and right superior regions of the body.
True
Larger ____ have all three tunics, but their tunica media is chiefly smooth muscle with a few scattered elastic fibers.
Arterioles
The middle layer in blood vessels, composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
Tunica Media
____ does not directly serve the metabolic needs of the body.
Pulmonary circulation
____ capillaries are similar to the continuous variety except that the endothelial cells are riddled with oval pores, called ____.
Fenestrated, fenestrations
The outermost layer of a blood vessel is called the ____.
Tunica externa
Oxygen-poor blood is drained from the kidneys via the ____.
Renal veins
T/F: There are brachiocephalic trunks in the left and right superior regions of the body.
False
These arteries are the largest in diameter:
Elastic arteries
____ triggers the retention of water.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
In ____ there is an elastic membrane on each face of the tunica media.
Muscular arteries
____ are continuous in the sense that their endothelial cells are joined together by tight junctions, providing an uninterrupted lining.
Continuous capillaries.
Most neural controls there determine regulate blood pressure operate via reflex arcs involving ____.
Baroreceptors
Baroreceptors sympathetically stimulate the release of renin by the ____.
Kidneys
Defined as the tendency of fluid to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration:
osmotic gradient/osmotic pressure
A person whose heart muscle becomes thickened shows signs of ____.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
____ are the thick-walled arteries near the heart.
Elastic arteries
____ supply blood to the myocardium; branches off of the ____.
Right & left coronary arteries; ascending Aorta
Hypertension is characterized by a sustained increase in blood pressure over ____
140/90
Smaller ____ are little more than a single layer of smooth muscle cells spiraling around the endothelial lining.
Arterioles
____ form when the valves in veins weaken of collapse due to muscular constriction, such as obesity or pregnancy.
Varicose veins
Interweaving, interdependent network of capillaries:
Capillary beds
The ANS reduces blood pressure by altering ____
cardiac output and peripheral resistance
Oxygen-rich blood is supplied to the liver via the ____
Hepatic artery proper
____ form anastomoses more frequently
Veins
T/F: The celiac truck branches from the abdominal aorta to provide blood supply to the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity
True
The ____ alters blood volume independently of hormones.
Direct renal mechanism
Arteries run deep while veins ____.
run both deep and superficially
When aortic pressure drops to its lowest level during vascular relaxation, it is called the ____ pressure.
Diastolic
____ connects arterioles & venules; act as the exchange sites for blood
Capillaries
Oxygen-rich blood is supplied to the legs via the ____
Femoral arteries
Short-term regulation of blood pressure is maintained by ____ and ____.
the nervous system and blood borne hormones
Renin acts as an enzyme, ultimately generating ____, which stimulates intense vasoconstriction, promoting a rapid rise in systemic blood pressure.
Angiotensin II
The walls of the smaller venues consists of ____
entirely endothelium
Oxygen-poor blood is routed to the hepatic portal vein from the ____, ____, and ____.
Superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein, and splenic vein
A person who’s ventricles have become dilated and cannot produce enough force to pump out blood exhibits signs of ____.
Dilated cardiomyopathy
____ is the enzyme released by the kidneys that results in the formation of Angiotensin II
Renin
Blood flow is directly proportional to ____ and inversely proportional to ____.
Blood pressure, resistance
____ arteries have a thick tunica media with a large smooth muscle content and little elastin
Muscular
____ is the opposition of blood flow
Resistance
Veins have ____ that depend on skeletal muscle contraction, breathing movements, and vasoconstriction to move blood toward the heart.
valves
Proportionately, muscular arteries have the thickest ____ of all vessels.
Tunica media
When taking blood pressure, the pressure at which the sounds disappear is the ____ pressure.
Diastolic
Dilated cardiomyopathy results in ____ .
The ventricles becoming dilated and unable to produce enough fore to pump blood out
Blood vessels form special connections called
vascular Anastomosis
The ____ relies on skeletal muscle activity to pump blood throughout the veins.
Muscular pump
The respiratory pump moves blood upward throughout the veins by ____
Breathing movements changing the pressure in the ventral body cavity
Disease of the heart in which the myocardium becomes enlarged and weakened
Cardiomyopathy
____ are highly modified, leaky capillaries found only in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla.
Sinusoids, or sinusoidal capillaries
In some cases, one endothelial cell forms the entire circumference of the ____ wall.
Capillary
The ____ contains the endothelium
Tunica intima
The activity of the smooth muscle cells in arteries is regulated by ____ and ____.
Vasomotor nerve fibers of the ANS and a large number of chemicals
Generally, the tunica media is the bulkiest layer in ____
Muscular arteries
The walls of veins are always ____ and their lumens ____ than those of corresponding arteries.
thinner, larger
____ mechanisms mediate long-term regulation of BP.
Renal
Elastic arteries are ____ pathways that conduct blood from the heart to the medium-sized arteries.
Low-resistance
Why do the names of the superficial veins not correspond to the names of any of the arteries?
Because there are no superficial arteries
Pressure results when flow is opposed by ____.
Resistance
Defined as the force exerted by fluid as it expands against the walls of the vessel it is contained in.
Hydrostatic pressure
The atria of the heart produce the hormone ____, which leads to a reduction in blood volume and blood pressure.
ANP
In the ____ system, the pressure inside the vessels lessens as the vessels get nearer to the heart.
Veinous.
The measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes throughout the vessels is ____
resistance
____ are pressure reservoirs, expanding and recoiling as the heart ejects blood.
Elastic arteries
____ are just large enough to allow limited passage of fluids and small solutes.
Intercellular clefts
The endothelial lining of ____ has fewer tight junctions and larger intercellular clefts than ordinary capillaries.
Fenestrated capillaries
____ are the arteries found closes to the heart.
Elastic arteries
The outermost layer of a blood vessel is the ____
Tunica externa
This pressure peak generated by ventricular contraction is called the ____ pressure.
Systolic
Blood pressure varies directly with ____ .
Blood volume
Systemic blood pressure is highest in the ____
Aorta
Chronically elevated blood pressure is called ____
Hypertension
____ are found wherever active capillary absorption or filtrate formation occurs.
Fenestrated capillaries
____ contain more elastin than any other vessel type.
Elastic arteries.
____ are leaky & highly permeable
Capillaries
____ is the force per unit area exerted on a blood vessel wall.
Blood pressure (BP)
____ pinch off to limit blood flow.
Arterioles
Innermost layer of a blood vessel:
Tunica intima
____ are formed when capillaries marge.
Venules
Two types of cardiomyopathy are ____ and ____
dilated and hypertrophic
____ is a process that reduces the volume of blood in veins during stress.
Sympathetic Vasoconstriction
Hypotension is blood pressure below ____
100 mm Hg
____ triggers the release of ADH and Aldosterone to help regulated BV.
Angiotensin II
Sinusoids have ____ lumens, and are usually fenestrated.
large, irregularly shaped
Larger ____ have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells, and a thin tunica externa.
Venules
Blood pressure is regulated by physical factors including ____
cardiac output and peripheral resistance
The innermost tunic is the ____
Tunica Intima
The pumping action of the heart generates ____
Blood flow
The ____ carries the nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver, where it can be cleaned of toxins before it reaches the rest of the body.
Hepatic portal artery
Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex to promote the retention of ____
Sodium
____ deliver blood to specific body organs (sometimes called distributing arteries)
Muscular arteries
In the ____ renal mechanism, the kidneys do the actual work for regulation of ____ .
Direct, blood volume
The ____ provides the functional blood supply to all body tissues.
Systemic circulation
Long-term BP regulation is achieved by the kidneys altering ____ over time.
Blood volume
During periods of stress, the adrenal gland releases ____ and ____
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ____
Pulse pressure
____ and ____ carry blood back to the heart from the body.
Veins and venules
____ stimulates the kidneys to conserve water.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
