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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Respiratory & Digestive Systems > Flashcards

Respiratory & Digestive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the anatomy of the villi of the small intestine

A

Simple columnar epithelium with microvilli & goblet cells

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1
Q

Describe the microscopic anatomy of the nasopharynx

A

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

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2
Q

___ breaks down proteins into polypeptides

A

Pepsin

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3
Q

Hepatic lobules are formed from ___ radiating from the central vein

A

hepatocytes

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3
Q

Paired composite organs that flank the mediastinum in the thorax

A

lungs

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3
Q

Serous membranes of the lungs

A

pleurae

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4
Q

Describe the mucosa of the esophagus:

A

Changes from stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium at the gastroesopohageal junction

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4
Q

What percentage of CO2 is chemically bound to globin?

A

just over 20%

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5
Q

What does the submucosa of the esophagus contain?

A

Esophageal glands

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5
Q

___ forms & stores feces

A

Large Intestine

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5
Q

After mastication is complete, ___ takes place.

A

deglutition

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5
Q

Oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs during ____

A

External respiration

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5
Q

What factors affect breathing rate and depth?

A

Changing levels of CO2, O2, and H+ in arterial blood

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6
Q

___ releases hormones such as gastrin which regulate stomach secretions & motility

A

Enteroendocrine cells

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7
Q

The two functions of the pharynx are ____ and ____

A

making a passageway for air and food; exposing the immune system to inhaled antigens

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8
Q

Name the enzymes secreted by the pancreas

A

pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and nuclease

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8
Q

RV stands for ___ and represents which air volume?

A

The amount of air that remains in the alveolar sacs even after a strenuous expiration.

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9
Q

The ____ house respiratory passages smaller than the main bronchi

A

lungs

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10
Q

External Respiration occurs in the ____

A

lungs

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11
Q

The alveoli function as ____

A

the main sites of gas exchange

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12
Q

Inactive enzyme secreted by chief cells in the stomach

A

Pepsinogen

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13
Q

The RV contains about how much volume?

A

1200 ml

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14
Q

The ____ also functions to help expose the immune system to inhaled antigens

A

pharynx

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15
Q

Name all of the sphincters of the alimentary canal

A

Gastroesopohageal/cardiac sphincter

Pyloric Sphincter

Ileocecal sphincter

hepatopancreatic sphincter

Internal anal sphincter

External anal sphincter

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15
Q

The cardiovascular system works hand in hand with the respiratory system to accomplish ____

A

transport of respiratory gases

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15
Q

The conducting zone organs carry out the functions of ____

A

cleansing, humidifying, and warming incoming air

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16
Q

Mucosa-lined, air-filled cavities in cranial bones surrounding the nasal cavity are called ____

A

paranasal sinuses

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16
Q

List the sequence of events that take place during expiration.

A

Respiratory muscles relax to decrease thoracic volume Decreased volume leads to increased pressure Air flows out of the lungs

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17
Q

Clusters of cells of the pancreas that secrete pancreatic juice:

A

Acini

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17
Q

___ breaks peptides into amino acids

A

Peptidase

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17
Q

Describe the mucosa of the large intestine

A

Simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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18
Q

Name the function of the gallbladder

A

stores bile & releases it in response to hormonal signal

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19
Q

List the sequence of events that take place during inspiration.

A

Respiratory muscles contract to increase thoracic volume Increased volume leads to decreased pressure Air flows into the lungs

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20
Q

The functional units of the liver are called ___

A

Hepatic lobules

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21
Q

___ reflects poor O2 delivery resulting from too few RBCs or from RBCs that contain abnormal or too little Hb.

A

Anemic hypoxia

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22
Q

IRV stands for ___ and represents which air volume?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume; the amount of air that can be inspired beyond the tidal volume

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23
Q

Name the function of pancreatic amylase

A

breaking down carbs into disaccharides

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25
Q

List the 4 respiratory events in order

A

Pulmonary ventilation External respiration Transport of respiratory gases Internal Respiration

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26
Q

Name the serosa of the mouth:

A

There is none

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27
Q

The paranasal sinuses have the same functions as the nose except they lack receptors for smell, and they help to ____

A

lighten the skull

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28
Q

___ is an inflammation of the parotid gland.

A

Mumps

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29
Q

The right lung has ___ lobes and the left lung has ___ lobes

A

3, 2

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30
Q

___ breaks disaccharides into monosaccharides or simple sugars

A

Sucrase, maltase, and lactase

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31
Q

Describe the microscopic anatomy of the laryngopharynx

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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32
Q

Name the digestive function of the Pharynx

A

passageway for food, fluids, and air, no digestive role

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33
Q

The ____ produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens air, and is a resonance chamber for speech

A

nose

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33
Q

Describe the microscopic anatomy of the mucosa of the trachea

A

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

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34
Q

IRV contains about how much volume?

A

2100-3200 ml

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36
Q

How is CO2 transported in blood?

A

Dissolved in plasma, Chemically bound to the glob in of the hemoglobin in RBCs, and as bicarbonate ions in plasma

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38
Q

What is unique about the muscularis externa of the esophagus?

A

It tronsitions from skeletal to smooth muscle

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38
Q

By which two means is O2 transported from the lungs to the cells?

A

Dissolved in plasma and bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin

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39
Q

List the organs of the alimentary canal in the order through which food travels through them

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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39
Q

Why is the respiratory membrane ideal for gas exchange?

A

It is thin and highly permeable, and has a high surface area

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41
Q

What parts of the brain control breathing rate & depth?

A

Ventral & dorsal respiratory groups of the medulla oblongata

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42
Q

What forces move O2 and CO2 across respiratory membranes?

A
  • Partial pressure gradient & solubility
  • Ventilation-perfusion coupling
  • Respiratory Membrane structure
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43
Q

Name the digestive function of the liver

A

metabolizing carbd, lipids, and proteins storing glycogen filtering blood removing toxins Secreting bile

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44
Q

Describe the microscopic anatomy of the larynx

A

Stratified squamous epithelium that later transitions into pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

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45
Q

internal respiration occurs as an exchange of respiratory gases between ____ and ____

A

blood and tissues

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46
Q

Describe the serosa of the pharynx:

A

There is none

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47
Q

Protein-digesting enzyme of the stomach:

A

Pepsin

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48
Q

Houses vocal chords

A

Larynx

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49
Q

The respiratory zone is composed of the ____

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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51
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors that affect breathing rate & depth are found in the ___

A

aortic arch

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52
Q

TV contains about how much air volume?

A

500 ml

53
Q

Name the digestive function of the small intestine

A
  • Receiving chyme from the stomach to complete it’s digestion
  • Absorbing products of digestion
  • Transporting residues to the large intestine
53
Q

Persistant damage to the underlying tissues in the stomach can promote ___

A

peptic/gastric ulcers

54
Q

The ____ is a passageway for air and food

A

pharynx

54
Q

Voice production is a function of the ____

A

larynx

55
Q

Name the digestive function of the esophagus

A

passageway for food and fluids, no digestive role

55
Q

The 3 functions of the larynx are ____, ____, & ____

A

air passageway, preventing food from entering the lower respiratory tract, and voice production

56
Q

Microscopic chambers at termini of bronchial tree

A

alveoli

58
Q

What are the special tissues found in the submucosa of the small intestine?

A

Peyer’s patches

59
Q

The Mucosa of the mouth is made of ___

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

60
Q

The intrinsic factor secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach serve what purpose?

A

Absorbing vitamin B12

61
Q

Transport of respiratory gases is achieved by the ____

A

cardiovascular system

62
Q

Describe the mucosa of the stomach

A

Simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells

63
Q

What percentage of CO2 is dissolved into plasma?

A

7-10%

64
Q

During ____ air is moved into and out of the lungs where gases are exchanged continuously

A

Pulmonary ventilation

65
Q

Name the digestive function of the gallbladder:

A

There is none

66
Q

Describe the microscopic anatomy of the nasal cavity

A

Mucous membrane: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia w/ goblet cells

67
Q

___ means breaking down food by chewing

A

Mastication

69
Q

List the cell types of the alveoli

A
  • Type I cells: simple squamous epithelium
  • Type II cells: secrete surfactant (lubricating protein)
  • Alveolar pores: openings for macrophage movement and pressure equalization
  • Alveolar macrophages: phagocytes
70
Q

Name the function of Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase

A

breaking down proteins into peptides

72
Q

List the 4 functions of the digestive system

A

ingestion Digestion Absorption Defecation

73
Q

List the functions of the nasal cavity/nose

A
  • Provides airway for respiration
  • Moistens & warms entering air
  • Filters & cleans filtered air
  • Resonating chamber for speech
  • Houses olfactory receptors
74
Q

Another name for the microvilli on the villi of the small intestine is ___

A

Brush border

75
Q

TV stands for ___ and represents which air volume?

A

tidal volume, the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs during normal quiet breathing

77
Q

Name the function of pancreatic lipase:

A

breaking down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

78
Q

ERV contains about how much volume?

A

100-1200 ml

79
Q

___ occurs when body cells are unable to use O2 even though adequate amounts are delivered.

A

Histotoxic hypoxia

81
Q

Name the structure that has these functions:

  • Provides airway for respiration
  • Moistens & warms entering air
  • Filters & cleans filtered air
  • Resonating chamber for speech
  • Houses olfactory receptors
A

Nose/nasal cavity

82
Q

___ is indicated by reduced arterial P O2. Possible causes include disordered or abnormal ventilation-perfusion coupling, pulmonary diseases that impair ventilation, and breathing air containing scant amounts of O2

A

Hypoxemic hypoxia

83
Q

cholecystokinin & secretin are secreted by the ___

A

gallbladder & pancreas

83
Q

What stomach cells secrete pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

85
Q

How are breathing rate and depth affected by changing levels of O2, CO2, and H+?

A

Central chemoreceptors in the brain and peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic arch

86
Q

The mucosa of the small intestine have two distinct structures on them, what are they?

A

Villi & intestinal crypts

88
Q

Gas exchange in the lungs depends on several factors including:

A

partial pressure gradients & solubilities, ventilation-perfusion coupling, respiratory membrane structure

89
Q

Air passageway connecting the trachea to the alveoli; cleans, warmed, and moistens incoming air.

A

Bronchial tree

90
Q

___ is particularly dangerous because it does not produce the characteristic signs of hypoxia—cyanosis

A

CO (carbon monoxide) poisoning

91
Q

The ____ on the lungs accommodates the heart in the mediastynum

A

cardiac notch

92
Q

List the enzymes secreted by the small intestine

A

Peptidase, sucrase, maltase, lactase, intestinal lipase

93
Q

External respiration is an exchange of O2 and CO2 between the ____ and ____

A

lungs and blood

95
Q

Approximately what percentage of O2 is dissolved into plasma?

A

1-1.5%

96
Q

The parietal cells of the stomach secrete ___

A

HCl (hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor

97
Q

Describe the function of nuclease

A

Breaking nucleic acids into nucleotides

98
Q

The ___functions to reabsorb water and electrolytes

A

Large intestine

99
Q

How does the mucosa of the anal canal change from that of the large intestine?

A

It transitions to stratified squamous epithelium

100
Q

Name the digestive function of the pancreas

A

secreting pancreatic juice in response to hormonal signals

102
Q

ERV stands for ___ and represents which air volume?

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume.

The amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after normal TV expiration

104
Q

Describe the muscularis externa of the pharynx

A

A circular layer and longitudinal layer of skeletal muscle

105
Q

Describe the microscopic anatomy of the adventitia of the trachea

A

connective tissue reinforced by hyaline cartilage

106
Q

Describe the microscopic anatomy of the submucosa of the trachea

A

seromucous glands

107
Q

The stomach epithelia is protected from the harshly acidic environment by the ___

A

mucosal barrier

108
Q

___ is stored in the gallbladder

A

Bile

110
Q

The muscularis externa of the mouth is made of ___

A

skeletal muscle

110
Q

The ____ zone is the actual site of gas exchange

A

respiratory

111
Q

The ____ functions to prevent food from entering the lower respiratory tract

A

larynx

113
Q

Factors that affect ventilation:

A

Resistance, surface tension, compliance

115
Q

The trachea’s two functions are ____

A

creating an air passageway along with warming, humidifying, and cleaning inhaled air

116
Q

Describe the respiratory membrane.

A

The fusion of capillary walls and alveoli

117
Q

Main sites of gas exchange

A

alveoli

118
Q

Name the digestive function of the large intestine

A

Reabsorbing water and electrolytes from chyme Forming & storing feces

119
Q

The mucosa of the stomach contains what special structures? Name the cells associated with these structures.

A

Gastric pits. Cells of the gastric pits include mucous cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and enteroendocrine cells

120
Q

The functions of the nose include:

A

produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens air, and is a resonance chamber for speech

121
Q

What directions do O2 and CO2 take between respiratory membranes?

A

O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary blood and CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction

122
Q

The respiratory system includes these structures:

A

nose nasal cavity paranasal sinuses Pharynx Trachea Bronchi (and their smaller branches) lungs Alveoli

124
Q

What factors affect the release of O2 to cells?

A

Low PO2 (partial pressure gradients) in tissue cells and high PO2 in blood

125
Q

Fat-digesting enzymes secreted by the chief cells in the stomach:

A

Lipase

127
Q

Name the digestive function of the stomach

A

Receiving bolus and mixing it with gastric juices; initiating protein digestion limited absorption moving food into the small intestine

128
Q

Name the hormones that stimulate the gallbladder and pancreas to release bile

A

cholecystokinin & secretin

130
Q

Constriction of the smooth muscle surrounding the walls of this structure impede expiration:

A

Bronchial tree

131
Q

In ____ blood diffuses from blood to tissue cells and CO2 from tissue cells to blood.

A

Internal respiration

132
Q

What percentage of CO2 is carried in blood as bicarbonate ions?

A

70%

133
Q

The mucosa of the pharynx is made of ___

A

stratified squamous epithelium & mucus glands

135
Q

The product of parietal cells in the stomach that makes the stomach juices extremely acidic:

A

HCl (hydrochloric acid)

136
Q

Describe the microscopic anatomy of the oropharynx

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

137
Q

The ____ produce lubricating fluids and compartmentalize the lungs

A

pleurae

138
Q

What factors affect breathing rate and depth?

A

Changing levels of CO2, O2 and H+ in arterial blood

139
Q

___ in the intestine breaks fats into glycerol and fatty acids

A

Intestinal lipase

140
Q

The ____ also acts as an air passageway along with warming, humidifying, and cleaning inhaled air

A

Trachea

141
Q

___ hypoxia results from impaired or blocked blood circulation.

A

Ischemic hypoxia

142
Q

Despite the low pressure gradient of CO2, there is an equal rate of exchange in the respiratory gases due to ___

A

the high solubility of CO2

143
Q

___ from chief cells and ___ from parietal cells in the stomach react to form ___

A

Pepsinogen, HCl; pepsin

144
Q

The muscularis externa of the stomach has ___ layers, which are ____

A

3; oblique, circular, longitudinal

145
Q

Passageway connecting the nasal cavity to the larynx and the oral cavity to the esophagus:

A

Pharynx

146
Q

Pulmonary ventilation occurs in the ____

A

lungs

147
Q

Name the salivary glands of the oral cavity

A

Parotid, sublingual, submandibular

148
Q

The ____ zone includes all other passage ways which provide conduits for air to reach the lungs

A

conducting zone

149
Q

What is the function of the residual volume (RV)?

A

Keeping the alveoli open, preventing lung collapse

150
Q

Name the digestive function of the mouth

A

receiving and digesting food both mechanically and chemically

151
Q

The pharynx and trachea are connected by the ____

A

larynx

152
Q

Flexible tube running from larynx and dividing inferiorly into two main bronchi:

A

Trachea

153
Q

The enzymatic breaking down of food involves ___

A

Hyrdolysis

154
Q

The ___ is the primary site of lipid digestion

A

Small intestine

155
Q

The ___ is the major source of fat-digesting enzymes, called lipases

A

pancreas

156
Q

___ is a condition in which the mucosa of the colon walls develop small herniations

A

diverticulosis

157
Q

About 20% of diverticulosis cases result in ___

A

diverticulitis

158
Q

___ is a GI disorder which is not explained by anatomical or biochemical abnormalities, resulting in pain, bloating, flatulence, nausea, and depression.

A

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (7 decks)

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