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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Urinary, Buffer, Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Urinary, Buffer, Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, the maturing follicle secretes _____ which creates a surge in estrogen that causes he endometrium to thicken

A

LH & FSH

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2
Q

Mesangial cells function to ___

A

pass regulatory signals between the macula dense and granular cells

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3
Q

Water is passively reabsorbed by the ___

A

descending limb of the loop of Henle

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4
Q

The epithelium of the mucosal lining of the urethra transitions from ___ to ___ near the bladder, and again to ___ near the penile opening.

A

pseudo-stratified columnar, transitional, stratified squamous

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5
Q

In response to rising pH, bicarbonate ions release H+ into the blood stream, and the result is ___

A

pH is lowered

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6
Q

Sperm travel from the epididymis to the ___

A

vas deferens

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7
Q

in warmer temperatures, the ___ muscle relaxes to allow for more surface area to increase heat dissipation from the testes

A

dartos

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8
Q

The ___ is the middle muscular layer of the uterine wall

A

myoetrium

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9
Q

___ result from the crystallization of calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts precipitating in the renal pelvis

A

Kidney stones

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10
Q

In the male reproductive system, sertoli cells are stimulated by ___ to release ABP

A

FSH

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11
Q

The function of the Fallopian tubes:

A

site of fertilization; transports oocytes to the uterus

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12
Q

The function of the ureters is ___

A

transporting urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

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13
Q

Tubular secretion takes place in the ___

A

distal convoluted tubule

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14
Q

___ is the process of selectively moving substances from filtrate back into the blood.

A

Tubular reabsorption

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15
Q

Tubular reabsorption takes place in the ___

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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16
Q

The ___ opens the uterus to the vagina

A

cervical orifice

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17
Q

In large amounts, estrogen has what kind of effect?

A

stimulatory

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18
Q

Female hormones that have an inhibitory effect:

A

estrogen, progesterone, inhibin

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19
Q

The myoetrium is the ___ layer of the uterine wall

A

middle muscular

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20
Q

As the ovarian follicle starts growing in response to LH & FSH, the ___ gets thicker & starts secreting hormones

A

theca folliculi

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21
Q

Renal Granular cells function to ___

A

sense blood pressure in arterioles

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22
Q

___ is the production of male gametes in the testes

A

Spermatogenesis

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23
Q

___ is the maturation of male gametes

A

Spermiogenesis

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24
Q

In the male reproductive system, ___ stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone

A

LH

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25
Q

Blood is filtered in the kidneys by the ___

A

glomerulus

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26
Q

The major muscle in the urinary bladder is the ___

A

detrusor muscle

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27
Q

___ are the functional units of the kidneys

A

Nephrons

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28
Q

The perimetrium is the ___ layer of the uterine wall

A

outer serosal

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29
Q

What two factors dictate the direction of the flow of water?

A

Hydrostatic pressure & osmotic pressure

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30
Q

GnRH is released by ____

A

the hypothalamus

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31
Q

The terminal portion of the female duct system is the ___

A

vagina

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32
Q

Urine formation begins when ___

A

blood is filtered by the glomerulus

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33
Q

GFR stands for ___

A

Glomerular filtration rate

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34
Q

PKD is defined as ___

A

growth of numerous cysts in or on the kidneys

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35
Q

ARPKD is caused by ___

A

two faulty genes inherited one from each parent

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36
Q

The number of chromosomes in human gametes is ___

A

23

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37
Q

___ secreted by the hypothalamus triggers the release of LH & FSH

A

GnRH

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38
Q

GnRH stands for ___

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone

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39
Q

The ___ in females is homologous to the scrotum in males

A

labia

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40
Q

Salt reabsorption is important in order to maintain ___ within the kidneys

A

osmotic pressure

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41
Q

Water and dissolved minerals filtered out of the glomerulus are captured by the ___

A

Bowman’s capsule

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42
Q

___ is the sequence of events in the seminiferous tubules of the testes that produces male gametes

A

Spermatogenesis

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43
Q

The tubule that lies furthest from the renal corpuscle is called ___

A

distal convoluted tubule

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44
Q

ADH promotes water retention by ___

A

causing more water to be reabsorbed from the collecting duct

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45
Q

Each mammary gland consists of 15-25 ___

A

lobes

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46
Q

The 3 layers of the uterine wall are ___

A

Endometrium, myoetrium, & perimetrium

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47
Q

In colder temperatures, the ___ muscle serve to lift the testes closer to the body

A

cremaster

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48
Q

Inhibin, secreted by the Theca folliculi, inhibits ______

A

LH & FSH production

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49
Q

List the organs of the Urinary system.

A

KidneysUretersUrinary BladderUrethra

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50
Q

List the functions of the female reproductive system

A

forming female gametes & sex hormones

Providing an environment for fetal development

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51
Q

The special cells that form the visceral layer of the filtration membrane, whose processes regulate what passes through the fenestrated capillary membranes are called ___

A

podocytes

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52
Q

Name the structure that make up each renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule

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53
Q

___ stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone

A

LH

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54
Q

___ secrete hormones from within the secondary follicle

A

Theca Folliculi

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55
Q

What are the fluid compartments of the urinary balance system?

A

ICF & ECF

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56
Q

Name the function of the mammary glands

A

secreting milk following pregnancy

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57
Q

ABP keeps the concentration of ___ high in the vicinity of spermatogenic cells

A

testosterone

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58
Q

After ovulation, the degrading follicular cells which are still secreting hormones, forms a ___

A

corpus luteum

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59
Q

The function of the epididymis is ___

A

storing and nourishing sperm

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60
Q

Each nephron consists of ___ & ___

A

renal corpuscle & renal tubule

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61
Q

___ is a powerful vasodilator released as part of the male sexual response

A

NO (Nitric Oxide)

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62
Q

Within the seminiferous tubules, ___ serve to produce & store testosterone

A

leydig cells

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63
Q

The fallopian tubes are lined with _____ epithilium

A

simple columnar epithelium that secretes mucus

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64
Q

List the structures of the female duct system

A

Fallopian tubesUterusVagina

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65
Q

The function of the kidneys is ___

A

to remove waste products from the blood stream and excrete it

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66
Q

The only treatments for advanced PKD are ___

A

kidney transplant or dialysis

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67
Q

List the 3 structural feature of the fallopian tubes

A

infundibulumFimibriaeFallopian tube

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68
Q

The pyramid shaped structures in the renal medulla are called ___

A

Renal (or medullary) pyramids

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69
Q

The hormone(s) ___ trigger the maturation of the ovarian follicle

A

LH & FSH

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70
Q

GnRH controls the release of what two hormones?

A

FSH & LH

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71
Q

The solute-rich fluid that passes from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule is called ___

A

filtrate

72
Q

The ___ are slender tubes that convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

A

Ureters

73
Q

List the events that take place during micturition

A

Bladder distension stimulates the micturition center in the brain

Micturition reflex contracts the detrusor muscle and relaxes the external urethral sphincterUrine is voided

74
Q

Locally, rising levels of ___ serve as the final trigger for spermatogenesis

A

testosterone

75
Q

The clitoris is homologous to the penis in that both contain ___

A

corpus cavernosa

76
Q

The ___ is a thin-walled tube that drains urine from the bladder and conveys it out of the body.

A

Urethra

77
Q

The Theca Folliculi secretes what hormones?

A

estrogen & inhibin

78
Q

List the 4 structural regions of a sperm cell

A
  • Head
  • Acrosome
  • Midpiece
  • Tail
79
Q

The tubule that lies closest to the renal corpuscle is called ___

A

proximal convoluted tubule

80
Q

Each primordial follicle contains ___

A

one oocyte & a layer of follicular cells

81
Q

The region where the most distal portion of the ascending loop of Henle lies against the glomerulus is called ___

A

juxtaglomerlular complex

82
Q

Macula densa cells monitor ___ in filtrate

A

salt content

83
Q

The 3 segments of the male urethra are:

A

prostatic, membranous, penile

84
Q

Salt is passively reabsorbed by the ___

A

ascending limb of the loop of Henle

85
Q

Renal failure is defined as ___

A

a GFR of < 15 ml/min

86
Q

Diploid organisms are form by ___

A

the merging of two haploid cells

87
Q

When an oocyte-containing follicle is fully matured it ___

A

bulges to the surface of the ovary and ruptures

88
Q

The descending limb of the loop of Henle passively reabsorbs ___

A

water

89
Q

Urine is sent from the DCT to the ___

A

collecting duct

90
Q

By what mechanisms is obligatory water loss conducted?

A

Urine

Sweat

Feces

Expired air

91
Q

As the follicle continues growing, it secretes ___ which stimulates a surge of LH & FSH production in the hypothalamus

A

estrogen

92
Q

The daughter cells of Meiosis II in the male reproductive system are called ___

A

Spermatids

93
Q

The ___ in females is homologous to the penis in males

A

clitoris

94
Q

The ___ in females is homologous to the bulbourethral gland in males

A

vestibular gland

95
Q

The bundle of capillaries inside the renal corpuscle is called ___

A

glomerulus

96
Q

Name the 4 phases of the ovarian cycle

A
  • Follicular phase
  • Ovulation
  • Luteal phase
  • Corpus albicans
97
Q

The number of chromosomes in human gametes is referred to as the ___

A

haploid chromosomal number

98
Q

Sperm is produced by the ___

A

testes

99
Q

List the function of the ovaries

A

forming oocytes & female sex hormones

100
Q

Describe the general composition of body fluids

A

Combination of electrolytes & nonelectrolytes

101
Q

List two functions of progesterone

A

Maintaining uterus lining & inhibiting LH & FSH

102
Q

The ___ reabsorbs water and important molecules such as glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, vitamins, and minerals from the filtrate

A

PCT

103
Q

The ___ is the outer serosal layer of the uterine wall

A

perimetrium

104
Q

List the 4 cell types that metamorphose during spermatogenesis

A

primary spermatocyte

Secondary spermatocyte

Spermatids

Spermatozoa

105
Q

The water and important molecules reabsorbed by the PCT are reabsorbed into the ___

A

peritubular capillaries

106
Q

What factors trigger fluid input?

A

High plasma osmolality & low plasma volume

107
Q

The endometrium is the _____ layer of the uterine wall

A

inner mucosal layer

108
Q

Na-K+ balance is achieved by what hormone?

A

Aldosterone

109
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

To produce sperm and male hormones

110
Q

Sperm are formed in the ___ of the testes

A

seminiferous tubules

111
Q

___ is the raw material used by the renal tubules to form urine

A

Filtrate

112
Q

NO (Nitric Oxide) is a powerful ___

A

vasodilator

113
Q

LH & FSH production in the female reproductive system is stimulated by ___

A

estrogen

114
Q

The ___ in females is homologous to the testes in males

A

ovaries

115
Q

Fertilization causes the oocyte to ___

A

complete meiosis II

116
Q

___ is the process of gamete reproduction

A

meiosis

117
Q

ABP causes cells to bind ___

A

testosterone

118
Q

The hormones LH & FSH are controlled by ___

A

GnRH

119
Q

Meiosis is different from Mitosis in that ___

A

meiosis: 4 identical daughter cells each with only 23 chromosomes; mitosis: 2 identical daughter cells each with 46 chromosomes

120
Q

The spaces between the foot processes of podocytes are called ___

A

filtration slits

121
Q

___ are the “scaffolding” or supporting cells in the seminiferous tubules

A

Sertoli cells

122
Q

___ inhibits aldosterone

A

ANP

123
Q

A surge of _____ triggers ovulation (oocyte rupturing from ovary)

A

LH & FSH

124
Q

___ enhances the motility of sperm

A

Prostate gland secretions

125
Q

The function of the urethra is ___

A

carrying urine from the bladder to the body exterior

126
Q

Two main structures of the secondary follicles are ____

A

corona radiata & theca folliculi

127
Q

The two main regions of the kidneys are ___ & ___

A

cortex & medulla

128
Q

___ protect and nourish the oocyte in the secondary follicle

A

Corona radiata

129
Q

The ___ is the final portion of the male duct system

A

urethra

130
Q

___ & ___ dictate how filtrate is created

A

hydrostatic & osmotic pressure

131
Q

The function of the uterus:

A

receiving & sustaining development of developing embryo

132
Q

The mucosa of the ureters contains what kinds of epithelium?

A

Transitional

133
Q

In response to high sperm counts, ___ is released by Sertoli cells to inhibit the release of FSH and GnRH

A

inhibin

134
Q

The mammary glands are composed of lobes that contain ____

A

a gland & a duct

135
Q

In small doses, estrogen has what kind of effect?

A

inhibitory

136
Q

The yellow color of Urine is due to ___

A

urochrome pigment

137
Q

___ is the term for voiding the bladder of urine

A

Micturition

138
Q

Corpus luteum changes into ____

A

corpus albicans

139
Q

During the male sexual response, ___ is released to relax smooth muscles & dilate arterioles in order to fill erectile tissue with blood

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

140
Q

The juxtaglomelular complex has 3 types of cells. Name them.

A

Macula densa cellsGranular cellsMesangial cells

141
Q

Function of the bulbourethral gland secretions:

A

lubricating the glans penis in preparation for sexual intercourse

142
Q

The finger-like projections of the fallopian tubes are called ___

A

famibriae

143
Q

APKD is cause by ___

A

one faulty gene inherited from one parent

144
Q

___ are formed prenatally in the ovaries

A

primordial follicles

145
Q

___ stimulates spermatogenesis indirectly by stimulating Sertoli Cells to release ABP

A

FSH

146
Q

___ is the end result of blood being filtered through the kidneys

A

filtrate

147
Q

____ is a series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium undergoes each month as it responds to changing levels of ovarian hormones in blood

A

The menstrual cycle

148
Q

Diploid means ___

A

half maternal, half paternal

149
Q

What brain structure creates the thirst sensation?

A

Hypothalamus

150
Q

What factors inhibit fluid input?

A

GI tract signalsDecreased plasma osmolality

151
Q

___ is the clinical syndrome associated with renal failure

A

Uremia

152
Q

The ___ is the maturation site of sperm

A

epididymis

153
Q

Function of Prostate Gland secretions:

A

neutralizing seminal fluid and the vagina

154
Q

Haploid cells are also known as ___

A

gametes

155
Q

Spermatogenesis is stimulated indirectly by FSH stimulating ____ to release ___

A

sertoli cells; ABP

156
Q

Name the capillary type that are abundant in the kidneys.

A

Fenestrated capillaries

157
Q

Sperm is sent through the vas deferens to the ___

A

urethra

158
Q

The function of the Urinary bladder is ___

A

to serve as a temporary storage reservoir for urine

159
Q

___ takes place in the renal corpuscle and produces a cell- and protein-free filtrate

A

Glomerular filtration

160
Q

___ is the process during which spermatids are streamlined to form spermatozoon

A

spermiogenesis

161
Q

___ causes more water to be reabsorbed from the collecting duct in order to prevent dehydration

A

ADH

162
Q

___ is the process of selectively moving substances from the blood into the filtrate

A

Tubular secretion

163
Q

ADH accomplishes water retention by ___

A

increasing the number of aquaporins

164
Q

Primordial follicles remain in what state until puberty?

A

suspended at prophase I of meiosis I

165
Q

The ___ is the inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall

A

endometrium

166
Q

Water & salt reabsorption takes place in the ___

A

loop of Henle

167
Q

The function of the vagina:

A

conveying uterine secretions; receiving erect penis during intercourse; birth canal

168
Q

___ stimulates Sertoli cells to release androgen-binding protein (ABP)

A

FSH

169
Q

What are the primary organs of the female reproductive system?

A

Ovaries

170
Q

List the 4 steps of urine formation.

A

Glomerular filtration

Tubular reabsorption

Water & salt reabsorption

Tubular secreteion

171
Q

Name the 3 regions of the penis:

A

Shaft

Glans

Prepuce (foreskin)

172
Q

PKD stands for ___

A

Polycystic kidney Disease

173
Q

The vaginal wall has several layers of ____ tissue

A

fibroelastic

174
Q

The ___ secretes a highly alkaline fluid that helps regulate pH of the male reproductive system

A

seminal vesicle

175
Q

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle passively reabsorbs ___

A

salt

176
Q

In males, FSH stimulates ___

A

sertoli cells

177
Q

During tubular reabsorption, important molecules such as _____ are reabsorbed

A

glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, vitamins and minerals

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (7 decks)

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