Lymphatic, Endocrine, & Immune Flashcards
The lymphatic system returns _____ to the blood stream
Interstitial fluid
Lymphatic trunks eventually feed into the _____
lymphatic ducts
_____ protect the body by producing daughter cells that secrete antibodies into the blood.
B cells, or B lymphocytes
The largest, most often infected tonsils are the _____
Palatine
There are _____ types of TLRs
11
When leukocytes and macrophages are exposed to foreign substances, they release chemicals called _____ which act on the body’s thermostat, raising the body’s temperature
Pyrogens
_____ is the ability to stimulate specific lymphocytes to proliferate
Immunogenicity
Buboes is a disorder in which ____
the lympph nodes become overwhelmed by pathogens and are inflamed
Active artificial antibody production is due to ____
vaccination
____ is the ability to self-recognize
Positive selection
Helper T cells secrete ____ which activate cytotoxic T cells
Cytokines
Helper T cells help activate ____
CD8/cytotoxic T cells
LF is transmitted by ____
Bites from mosquitos which transmits embryonic filariae
Oxytocin is secreted by the _____
hypothalamus
ADH controls _____
the amount of water the kidneys excrete
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH all regulate the function of the ____ gland
Thyroid
Aldosterone is secreted by the ____
adrenal cortex
____ stimulates the production of estrogen
FSH
Melatonin regulates ____
the sleep/wake cycle
The immune system is a _____ system
functional
Helper & regulatory T cells originate from ____
CD4 cells
_____ are chemicals that effect cell types other than those releasing them.
Paracrines
The posterior pituitary gland secretes _____ which are received ready-made by the hypothalamus
neurohormones
Endocrine glands are highly _____
vascularized
The posterior pituitary gland serve what purpose?
Storing and releasing OT and ADH synthesized by the hypothalamus
Deficiency in GH can lead to _____
dwarfism
The _____ is triggered when body tissues are injured or when infected.
inflammatory response
Exudate causes local _____
swelling
Glucagon is produced & secredted by the _____
Pancreas
Antibodies are also called _____
immunoglobulins
LF is commonly known as ____
elephantiasis or lymphedema
Each lymphatic duct empties its lymph at the junction of the _____ and the _____ on its own side of the body.
internal jugular and subclavian veins
_____ is a loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
Diffuse lymphoid tissue
In addition to histamine, other inflammatory chemicals include _____
kinins, prostaglandins, and compliment
AIDS stands for ____
acquired immunodeficiency syndrom
____ & ____ regulate blood calcium levels
T3/T4 & PTH
The fluid leftover from capillary exchange becomes part of the _____
interstitial fluid
The Adrenal cortex produces & secretes _____
aldosterone, cortisol, & adrenal sex hormones
Prostaglandins and kinins have a _____ effect that also adds to the sensation of pain during inflammation.
sensitizing
_____ and _____ are stimulated by sympatthetic impulses
Epinephrine & norepinephrine
The _____ is activated when a person is reintroduced to a pathogen after surviving initial exposure
secondary humoral immune response
The Right lymphatic duct empties its lymph into the _____
junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins.
Hormones contact nearly every cell of the body, but influence _____
only cells that have receptors for them
The major lymphatic trunks of the body are:
lumbar, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, jugular, and intestinal
_____ is a network of glands that sends hormones to the bloodstream to help coordinate homeostasis
Th endocrine system
Mobilization of _____ is regulated by hormones
the body’s defense mechanisms
_____ are similar in anatomical structure to blood vessels, but they have more valves and thinner walls.
Lymphatic collecting vessels
____ occurs when parasites are transferred to humans from insects
lymphatic filiariasis
Insulin is produced & secreted by the _____
Pancreas
The _____ are activation sites of lymphocytes which is part of the immune response
Lymph Nodes
The cells of the immune system identify potentially harmful substances by _____
binding to surface carbohydrates present on infectious organisms.
____ is the site of production for all lymphocytes
Red bone marrow
T3 and T4 are functionally the same, except that __ is 5x more potent than __
T3 is more potent than T4
The lymphatic system consists of _____
Lymphatic vessels Lymph Lymph nodes
_____ are inflammatory chemicals that act as homing devices for WBCs to migrate to the site of injury.
Chemotaxis
_____ is also called antibody mediated immunity
Humoral immunity
Chemicals within blood communicate with hormones to detect concentrations of substances in the blood as part of the ____ stimulus of the endocrine system
humoral
_____ are complement proteins that attach “handle bars” to bacteria and other pathogens so that phagocytes can grab ahold of them
Opsonins
_____ are formed in red bone marrow
Lymphocytes
The _____ stores and releases products from broken down RBCs
Spleen
The sensation of pain in the inflammatory response is due to _____ as a result of _____
the pressing of nerve endings, swelling
Glucagon & insulin regulate ____
blood glucose levels
Lymphatic capillaries have structural modifications called _____ that prevent the lymph from flowing back out of the capillary.
minivalves
The enzyme _____ destroys bacteria
Lysozyme
The term _____ refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive state.
compliment system, or complement
___ & ___ are produced and secreted by the thyroid
T3 and T4
_____ in the lymphatic system manage the immune response, and some of them directly attack and destroy infected cells
T cells or T lymphocytes
Antibodies are made up of ____
proteins
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Returning fluids that have leaked from the blood vascular system back to the blood
_____ are the strongest of all antigens
Proteins
The pituitary gland is seated in the _____
sella turcica
_____ is a condition in which the lymphatic vessels become severely inflamed, and the associated vasa vasorum become congested with blood, causing the superficial lymphatics to become visible as red lines that are sensitive to the touch.
Lymphangitis
Pathogens are cleaned out of the lymph at the _____.
lymph nodes
All inflammatory chemicals carry out their task by _____
dilating local arterioles and making capillaries more leaky
Oxytocin (OT) funcitons to _____
contract uterine walls and cells associated with milk production
The Pancreas å cells produce ____
glucagon
In complement activation, the _____ pathway involves antibodies.
Classical
The _____ pathway is triggered when spontaneously activated C3 and other complement factors interact on the surface of microorganisms.
alternative
The parathyroid gland is stimulated to secrete PTH by the _____
Hypothalamus
The pancreas produces and secretes _____
Glucagon & insulin
The parathyroid gland produces & secretes ____
PTh
The lymphatic vessels form a one-way system in which lymph flows _____
only toward the heart
In _____ soluble molecules are cross-linked into larger complexes that settle out of solution, making it much easier for phagocytes to capture and destroy them
Precipitation
The endocrine system is _
a network of glands that sends hormones to the bloodstream to help coordinate homeostasis
_____ is the fatty lymph that drains from the intestinal mucosa that is absorbed by the lymphatic capillaries called lacteals.
Chyle
The endocrine system is ____
a network of glands that sends hormones to the bloodstream to help coordinate homeostasis
_____ is defined as when the body’s immune system loses the ability to distinguish between the body’s own cells and foreign antigens, and starts producing antibodies and cytotoxic T cells that destroy its own tissues
Autoimmunity
_____ become phagocytic when they encounter infectious material in the tissues.
Neutrophils
___ regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins by increaseing metabolic activity & accelerating growth
T3 & T4
_____ moves glucose across cell membranes, stimulates glucose and fat storage, and promotes protein synthesis
insulin
The hallmark of the second line of defense for the innate defense system is _____
inflammation
The _____ empties its lymph into the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins.
Thoracic duct
The lymph nodes have two histologically distinct regions called the _____ and the _____
cortex and medulla
Identify this WBC:
Basophil
Identify this WBC:
Lymphocyte
The 3 kinds of stimulants in the body are _____
humoral, neural, and hormonal
Endocrine glands are also called _____
ductless glands
MALT stands for _____
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues
_____ is a lumpy collection of lymphoid follicles at the base of the tongue.
Lingual tonsil
The endocrine system influences metabolic activity by means of _____
hormones
_____ is the process of coating a pathogen with opsonins.
Opsonization
Negative feedback mechanisms control hormone secretions by _____
humoral, neural, and hormonal stimuli
TLR’s help to _____
trigger immune responses
_____ are the main warriors of the immune system
Lymphocytes
____ are responsible for eliciting the humoral immune response
B cells
____Increases blood calcium levels by inhibitin osteoblasts & stimulating osteoclasts
PTH
TSH controls the _____
thyroid gland
All of the lymphatic trunks are in pairs except for the _____
intestinal trunk
NK cells also secrete potent chemicals that enhance the _____
inflammatory process
____ controls the rate of body metabolism & cellular oxidation
T3/T4
_____ tonsils surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx
Tubal
Lymphatic mini valves and collagen filament anchors are analogous to _____
one-way swinging doors
Because the body has already been primed for immunity to an antigen, the sensitized immune cells provide what is call _____
immunological memory
_____ is produced & secreted by the Adrenal Medulla
Epiephrine & Norepinephrine
Passive artificial antibody production is due to ____
injection of exogenous antibodies
_____ gather and destroy pathogens from food or inhaled air.
Tonsils
In all of the functions of antibodies except _____ the antibodies adhere to the pathogens to provide “handlebars” for macrophages to phagocytose the pathogen
complement fixation
This mucus traps many microorganisms:
Mucin
Antibodies cannot destroy antigens themselves, but rather _____
inactivate them and tag them for destruction
Some of the chemicals produced by the surface barriers of the immune system include _____
- acids
- enzymes
- mucin
- defensins
- Dermicidin
Cells that make their way past the first line of defense are met by _____
Phagocytes
_____ causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and water
aldosterone
_____ result when the immune system damages tissue as it fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless
Hypersensitivities
Diapedesis occurs in response to _____
continued chemical signaling from CAMs
Where will you find the pancreas?
attached to the small intestine
_____ is an autoimmune disease which destroys pancreatic beta cells, resulting in a deficit of insulin and inability to use carbohydrates
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus
PRL stimulates and sustains _____
milk production
Exposure of the adaptive immune system to a pathogen, if survived, produces _____ in that organism
antibodies
Identify this WBC:
Neutrophil
Identify this WBC:
Eosinophil
Identify this WBC:
Monocyte
