1980s Crisis Of Apartheid Flashcards
(314 cards)
1
Q
Who succeeded John Vorster as prime minister of South Africa in 1978?
A
PW Botha
2
Q
What was PW Botha’s role before becoming prime minister?
A
Minister of Defence
3
Q
What did South Africa’s military spending do between 1974 and 1981?
A
Quadrupled
4
Q
What term did PW Botha use to describe the perceived communist aggression?
A
Total Onslaught
5
Q
What does ‘Swart Gevaar’ mean?
A
Black Threat
6
Q
What does ‘Rooi Gevaar’ refer to?
A
Red Threat
7
Q
What was the government’s policy to counter the ‘Total Onslaught’ called?
A
Total Strategy
8
Q
List the components of ‘Total Strategy’ used by PW Botha’s government.
A
- Military
- Secret police
- Police
- Legislation
- Economy
- Propaganda
- Education
- Censorship
9
Q
What was established by a police counter-intelligence unit in 1979?
A
A secret base at Vlakplaas
10
Q
What kinds of actions were carried out at the Vlakplaas secret base?
A
Killings and torture for intelligence information
11
Q
How did the military become involved in Africa under PW Botha?
A
By assisting anti-communist forces, e.g., UNITA in Angola
12
Q
What was the duration of ‘Total Strategy’?
A
1978 to 1989
13
Q
True or False: The oppressive NP regime was weakened during PW Botha’s leadership.
A
False
14
Q
Fill in the blank: The oppressive actions of the NP regime included ______, torture, imprisonment, and assassination.
A
Detention
15
Q
What was the primary stance of the majority of Black people in South Africa regarding apartheid?
A
They continued to be against the repressive apartheid system.
Black people were a crucial part of the economic labor force.
16
Q
Why did South Africa’s economic growth rely on hiring more Black workers?
A
Black people were an important part of South Africa’s labor force.
Their involvement was essential for economic development.
17
Q
What action were Black people taking in response to the Pass Laws?
A
They were ignoring the Pass Laws and moving to the cities.
This was due to better job opportunities in the cities.
18
Q
What was the effect of Black dissatisfaction on the government?
A
The government had to take Black dissatisfaction seriously to maintain order in cities.
This was crucial for preventing unrest.
19
Q
Who was a prominent white opposition member of parliament advocating for the abolition of apartheid?
A
Helen Suzman of the Progressive Federal Party (PFP).
She played a significant role in challenging apartheid policies.
20
Q
What was the position of the conservative members of the NP regarding apartheid reform?
A
They were totally against reforming the apartheid system.
Their stance was influenced by the Dutch Reformed Church.
21
Q
What role did the Dutch Reformed Church play in supporting apartheid?
A
It supported apartheid, viewing it as justified by the Christian Bible.
This religious backing helped legitimize apartheid.
22
Q
What was the Afrikaner Broederbond?
A
An influential secret society aimed at advancing the interests of the Afrikaans ethnic group.
It sought to maintain apartheid.
23
Q
What strategy did PW Botha employ regarding apartheid?
A
He introduced a two-pronged strategy of limited reforms and increased repression.
This approach aimed to appease both reformists and conservatives.
24
Q
What was PW Botha’s nickname and what does it mean?
A
‘Die Groot Krokodil’ which means ‘The Big Crocodile’ in Afrikaans.
This nickname reflected his authoritarian leadership style.
25
During which years did PW Botha serve as Prime Minister of South Africa?
1978-1984.
## Footnote
He later became State President from 1984-1989.
26
What major reforms did PW Botha implement between 1980-1986?
Reforms included the legalisation of Black trade unions, increased expenditure on Black education, the Black Local Authorities Act, the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, the abolishment of job reservation, the repeal of the Immorality and Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Amendment Act, relaxation of the Reservation of Public Amenities Act, desegregation of private schools, and the repeal of the Pass Laws.
## Footnote
These reforms aimed to modify the apartheid system and reduce opposition to it.
27
What was the significance of the Wiehahn Report on Labour Legislation?
It recommended the legalisation of Black trade unions, stating they would improve industrial relations.
## Footnote
This report was influential in the reforms initiated by Botha.
28
What did the Black Local Authorities Act of 1982 allow?
It allowed Black urban communities to elect their own councillors.
## Footnote
This was an amendment to the 1961 Urban Bantu Councils Act.
29
What was introduced by the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act of 1983?
The Tricameral Parliament in 1984, allowing Coloured and Indian people to vote for government ministers.
## Footnote
This marked a significant shift in the political landscape, though it still excluded Black South Africans.
30
What did the abolishment of job reservation in 1984 aim to achieve?
It aimed to promote economic growth by eliminating restrictions on job opportunities for non-white individuals.
## Footnote
This decision was based on a commission's recommendations.
31
What was the impact of the repeal of the Immorality and Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Amendment Act in 1985?
It allowed individuals classified as different races to marry and/or have sexual relationships.
## Footnote
This repealed previous laws that prohibited such relationships.
32
What did the relaxation of the Reservation of Public Amenities Act during the 1980s lead to?
It led to the gradual desegregation of public facilities.
## Footnote
This law, originally enacted in 1953, was phased out to reduce racial segregation.
33
What change occurred in private schools in 1985?
Private schools were desegregated, allowing Black, Indian, and Coloured parents to send their children to fee-paying schools.
## Footnote
Publicly-funded schools remained segregated during this period.
34
What was the significance of the repeal of the Pass Laws in 1986?
It meant that people's movement was no longer restricted based on race.
## Footnote
However, residential areas largely remained segregated under the Group Areas Act of 1966.
35
True or False: The Group Areas Act of 1966 was repealed alongside the Pass Laws.
False.
## Footnote
The Group Areas Act was not repealed, maintaining residential segregation.
36
Fill in the blank: The reforms of Botha aimed to discourage opposition to apartheid from _______.
Coloured and Indian people, as well as from the Black middle class.
## Footnote
These reforms were an attempt to limit political representation and improve education for these groups.
37
38
What major reforms did PW Botha implement between 1980-1986?
Reforms included the legalisation of Black trade unions, increased expenditure on Black education, the Black Local Authorities Act, the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, the abolishment of job reservation, the repeal of the Immorality and Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Amendment Act, relaxation of the Reservation of Public Amenities Act, desegregation of private schools, and the repeal of the Pass Laws.
## Footnote
These reforms aimed to modify the apartheid system and reduce opposition to it.
39
What was the significance of the Wiehahn Report on Labour Legislation?
It recommended the legalisation of Black trade unions, stating they would improve industrial relations.
## Footnote
This report was influential in the reforms initiated by Botha.
40
What did the Black Local Authorities Act of 1982 allow?
It allowed Black urban communities to elect their own councillors.
## Footnote
This was an amendment to the 1961 Urban Bantu Councils Act.
41
What was introduced by the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act of 1983?
The Tricameral Parliament in 1984, allowing Coloured and Indian people to vote for government ministers.
## Footnote
This marked a significant shift in the political landscape, though it still excluded Black South Africans.
42
What did the abolishment of job reservation in 1984 aim to achieve?
It aimed to promote economic growth by eliminating restrictions on job opportunities for non-white individuals.
## Footnote
This decision was based on a commission's recommendations.
43
What was the impact of the repeal of the Immorality and Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Amendment Act in 1985?
It allowed individuals classified as different races to marry and/or have sexual relationships.
## Footnote
This repealed previous laws that prohibited such relationships.
44
What did the relaxation of the Reservation of Public Amenities Act during the 1980s lead to?
It led to the gradual desegregation of public facilities.
## Footnote
This law, originally enacted in 1953, was phased out to reduce racial segregation.
45
What change occurred in private schools in 1985?
Private schools were desegregated, allowing Black, Indian, and Coloured parents to send their children to fee-paying schools.
## Footnote
Publicly-funded schools remained segregated during this period.
46
What was the significance of the repeal of the Pass Laws in 1986?
It meant that people's movement was no longer restricted based on race.
## Footnote
However, residential areas largely remained segregated under the Group Areas Act of 1966.
47
True or False: The Group Areas Act of 1966 was repealed alongside the Pass Laws.
False.
## Footnote
The Group Areas Act was not repealed, maintaining residential segregation.
48
Fill in the blank: The reforms of Botha aimed to discourage opposition to apartheid from _______.
Coloured and Indian people, as well as from the Black middle class.
## Footnote
These reforms were an attempt to limit political representation and improve education for these groups.
49
What did the 1979 Wiehahn Report focus on?
Labour reforms
## Footnote
The report aimed to address labour relations under apartheid.
50
What was the purpose of the 1981 education reforms?
Improve education for Black South Africans
## Footnote
These reforms were part of broader attempts to integrate Black people into the system.
51
What significant legislation was enacted in 1982?
The Black Local Authorities Act
## Footnote
This act established local government structures for Black townships.
52
What did the Urban Bantu Councils Act of 1961 provide?
Limited administrative authority to elected Black leaders
## Footnote
This was intended for Black townships but was not fully satisfactory to the communities.
53
What was the outcome of the political turmoil in Soweto in 1976?
Formation of the Committee of Ten
## Footnote
This group demanded local elections and greater autonomy.
54
What did the Black Local Authorities Act of 1982 allow?
Black local government structures similar to white areas
## Footnote
It aimed to provide a semblance of self-governance to Black communities.
55
What were 'Black Community Councils' responsible for?
Township administration on local budgets
## Footnote
They were funded through local rents and levies.
56
Why did many activists oppose the Black Community Councils?
They viewed them as part of the apartheid regime
## Footnote
Activists perceived councillors as 'lackies' of the National Party government.
57
What action did Soweto residents take regarding the 1983 election?
They boycotted the election
## Footnote
Led by the Soweto Civic Association, this was a protest against the councils.
58
What challenges did Black community councillors face?
Struggled to prevent disorder and administer effectively
## Footnote
This was exacerbated by rent boycotts and strikes called by activists.
59
Fill in the blank: The laws of 'petty apartheid' were abolished to discourage opposition from _______.
Coloured and Indian people, as well as from the Black middle class
## Footnote
This was part of a strategy to pacify opposition.
60
True or False: The Bantu Authorities Act of 1951 provided political representation for Black people outside the homelands.
False
## Footnote
It created a system that elevated traditional chiefs but excluded broader political representation.
61
What was the main purpose of the 1983 'Tricameral Constitution'?
To provide Coloured and Indian South Africans the vote while maintaining white control over the government.
62
What percentage of white voters approved the proposal in the 1983 referendum?
66%
63
What were the two key features of the 1983 'Tricameral Constitution'?
* Coloured and Indian people got the vote
* The country's leader got greater power.
64
Which political party opposed the reforming of apartheid in 1983?
The Conservative Party (CP)
65
Who led the Conservative Party that opposed the 1983 reforms?
Andries Treurnicht
66
What was the role of the State Security Council under Botha?
An advisory body with significant influence.
67
What were the three houses established by the Tricameral Parliament?
* House of Assembly (White)
* House of Representatives (Coloured)
* House of Delegates (Indian)
68
Who was the first state president under the 1983 'Tricameral Constitution'?
PW Botha
69
What was the electoral college responsible for in the Tricameral Parliament?
Electing the state president.
70
True or False: Black South Africans were represented in the Tricameral Parliament.
False
71
What was the rationale behind not allowing Black South Africans to vote in the Tricameral Parliament?
To maintain white control over South Africa.
72
Fill in the blank: The NP controlled _____% of the House of Assembly when the 1983 constitution was passed.
80
73
What did the UDF call for regarding the elections planned by the government?
A boycott of all so-called 'elections'.
74
What were the responsibilities of each house in the Tricameral Parliament?
Dealing with their own affairs such as education.
75
What was the structure of the government as per the 1983 'Tricameral Constitution'?
A single position of state president combining the roles of president and prime minister.
76
What was the relationship between the White House of Assembly and the state president?
It could control who became state president.
77
What was the state expenditure on the military in the early 1980s?
About R4,5 billion.
78
What action did PW Botha take regarding army camps in 1982?
Increased the number of days white men had to spend attending army camps after conscription.
79
How many ANC members were killed by the SADF in 1982?
More than 40.
80
What was PW Botha's approach towards South Africa's neighbours?
He made less effort than Vorster to have a positive relationship and tried to destabilise them.
81
Which resistance movement in Angola did PW Botha support?
UNITA.
82
Who was Griffiths Mxenge?
An ANC lawyer assassinated in 1981.
83
How did the SAP assassinate Ruth First in 1982?
Using a parcel bomb.
84
What happened to Neil Aggett of the Food and Canning Workers Union in 1982?
He died in detention.
85
What was the impact of the 1981 Industrial Relations Amendment Act on trade unions?
Trade unions became increasingly restricted.
86
True or False: The SAP was involved in eliminating activists within South Africa.
True.
87
Fill in the blank: The SADF killed more than _____ ANC members based in Lesotho.
40.
88
89
What was the state expenditure on the military in the early 1980s?
About R4,5 billion.
90
What action did PW Botha take regarding army camps in 1982?
Increased the number of days white men had to spend attending army camps after conscription.
91
How many ANC members were killed by the SADF in 1982?
More than 40.
92
What was PW Botha's approach towards South Africa's neighbours?
He made less effort than Vorster to have a positive relationship and tried to destabilise them.
93
Which resistance movement in Angola did PW Botha support?
UNITA.
94
Who was Griffiths Mxenge?
An ANC lawyer assassinated in 1981.
95
How did the SAP assassinate Ruth First in 1982?
Using a parcel bomb.
96
What happened to Neil Aggett of the Food and Canning Workers Union in 1982?
He died in detention.
97
What was the impact of the 1981 Industrial Relations Amendment Act on trade unions?
Trade unions became increasingly restricted.
98
True or False: The SAP was involved in eliminating activists within South Africa.
True.
99
Fill in the blank: The SADF killed more than _____ ANC members based in Lesotho.
40.
100
What became the key body that helped PW Botha make decisions?
The State Security Council (SSC)
## Footnote
The SSC became more dominant under PW Botha, transitioning from an advisory role to a decision-making body.
101
Who were the key members of the State Security Council under PW Botha?
PW Botha's minister of defence, General Magnus Malan, army generals, and police chiefs
## Footnote
These members were appointed by Botha and played a crucial role in advising him on how to repress resistance to apartheid.
102
When did the State Security Council meet in relation to cabinet meetings?
The day before cabinet meetings
## Footnote
This scheduling allowed for quick implementation of decisions made by the SSC.
103
What significant event occurred in the Vaal Triangle in 1984?
An uprising
## Footnote
The uprising included areas such as Sharpeville, Boipatong, and Sebokeng, leading to increased violence.
104
How many protesters were killed by the SAP during the uprising in the Vaal Triangle?
At least 26 protesters
## Footnote
The SAP's inability to control the uprising led to the deployment of the SADF.
105
What controversial issue arose from the deployment of the army in South Africa?
The use of military force to maintain law and order
## Footnote
Military forces are typically trained to fight external enemies, not to manage internal law enforcement.
106
What training was given to all members of the SAP in February 1985?
Riot training
## Footnote
This was part of the increasing violence and unrest in the country.
107
How many people did the SAP kill on their way to a funeral in March 1985?
20 people
## Footnote
This incident occurred near Uitenhage, highlighting the escalating violence.
108
What happened in June 1985 involving members of BOSS?
Members of BOSS killed Matthew Goniwe and Fort Calata
## Footnote
Both were associated with the Cradock Residents Association (CRADORA).
109
What were 'askaris' in the context of apartheid South Africa?
Police informants who were permanently employed by the security forces
## Footnote
Their presence led to distrust among activists.
110
What was declared in July 1985 in certain areas of South Africa?
A State of Emergency
## Footnote
This declaration gave the SAP and SADF extra powers to repress resistance and increased censorship.
111
What was unique about the State of Emergency declared in 1985?
It was called a 'partial' State of Emergency
## Footnote
This meant it was only declared in some areas, not nationwide.
112
113
What became the key body that helped PW Botha make decisions?
The State Security Council (SSC)
## Footnote
The SSC became more dominant under PW Botha, transitioning from an advisory role to a decision-making body.
114
Who were the key members of the State Security Council under PW Botha?
PW Botha's minister of defence, General Magnus Malan, army generals, and police chiefs
## Footnote
These members were appointed by Botha and played a crucial role in advising him on how to repress resistance to apartheid.
115
When did the State Security Council meet in relation to cabinet meetings?
The day before cabinet meetings
## Footnote
This scheduling allowed for quick implementation of decisions made by the SSC.
116
What significant event occurred in the Vaal Triangle in 1984?
An uprising
## Footnote
The uprising included areas such as Sharpeville, Boipatong, and Sebokeng, leading to increased violence.
117
How many protesters were killed by the SAP during the uprising in the Vaal Triangle?
At least 26 protesters
## Footnote
The SAP's inability to control the uprising led to the deployment of the SADF.
118
What controversial issue arose from the deployment of the army in South Africa?
The use of military force to maintain law and order
## Footnote
Military forces are typically trained to fight external enemies, not to manage internal law enforcement.
119
What training was given to all members of the SAP in February 1985?
Riot training
## Footnote
This was part of the increasing violence and unrest in the country.
120
How many people did the SAP kill on their way to a funeral in March 1985?
20 people
## Footnote
This incident occurred near Uitenhage, highlighting the escalating violence.
121
What happened in June 1985 involving members of BOSS?
Members of BOSS killed Matthew Goniwe and Fort Calata
## Footnote
Both were associated with the Cradock Residents Association (CRADORA).
122
What were 'askaris' in the context of apartheid South Africa?
Police informants who were permanently employed by the security forces
## Footnote
Their presence led to distrust among activists.
123
What was declared in July 1985 in certain areas of South Africa?
A State of Emergency
## Footnote
This declaration gave the SAP and SADF extra powers to repress resistance and increased censorship.
124
What was unique about the State of Emergency declared in 1985?
It was called a 'partial' State of Emergency
## Footnote
This meant it was only declared in some areas, not nationwide.
125
What was the main message of PW Botha's 'Rubicon Speech' in August 1985?
PW Botha would only consider releasing Nelson Mandela if Mandela agreed to give up the armed struggle.
## Footnote
This speech marked a significant moment in South African politics, highlighting Botha's refusal to negotiate significant changes.
126
Who wrote the earlier draft of PW Botha's 'Rubicon Speech'?
Pik Botha
## Footnote
Pik Botha was South Africa's minister of foreign affairs at the time and had more moderate views.
127
What did Pik Botha's original draft of the speech announce?
The release of Mandela and the ending of apartheid.
## Footnote
Pik Botha's views were more optimistic compared to PW Botha's final version of the speech.
128
What does the phrase 'to cross the Rubicon' signify?
A decisive political change from which there is no return.
## Footnote
The phrase was kept in PW Botha's speech despite his refusal to announce any reforms.
129
What significant change did PW Botha announce in early 1986?
The government's plan to give South African citizenship back to Black people.
## Footnote
However, he did not commit to giving Black people the vote.
130
What happened in March 1986 regarding the State of Emergency?
The partial State of Emergency was lifted.
## Footnote
This lifting was temporary before further measures were taken later that year.
131
What prompted the declaration of a full State of Emergency in June 1986?
A huge May Day strike by a new union called COSATU.
## Footnote
The government felt that its power was threatened by the actions of the trade unions.
132
How long did the full State of Emergency declared in 1986 last?
Four years.
## Footnote
This State of Emergency was more expansive, applying to all areas of South Africa.
133
What was a police Casspir used for during the State of Emergency?
To protect security forces in urban areas.
## Footnote
The Casspir was an armored vehicle used by the police and military during this tumultuous period.
134
True or False: PW Botha's 'Rubicon Speech' was well-received and met expectations for reforms.
False.
## Footnote
Many people were disappointed as they had hoped for groundbreaking reforms that were not announced.
135
What did PW Botha attempt to do regarding apartheid?
Restructure apartheid to make it survive
## Footnote
PW Botha implemented limited reforms while maintaining repression.
136
What do the six broken pillars on the ground represent?
Aspects of apartheid that the government stopped implementing during the 1980s
## Footnote
These pillars symbolize the failed components of the apartheid system.
137
What do the six pillars at the front of the building represent?
PW Botha's limited reforms and continued repression
## Footnote
These pillars indicate the government's attempt to adapt apartheid without fully dismantling it.
138
What do the pillars remaining at the back of the building symbolize?
Aspects of apartheid from previous decades that continued to be applied in the 1980s
## Footnote
This reflects the persistence of older apartheid policies despite new reforms.
139
Who influenced FW de Klerk to change his political stance?
PW Botha
## Footnote
FW de Klerk transitioned from being a 'verkrampte' to a 'verligte' member of the NP.
140
What were the two factions within the NP during the late 1980s?
The 'verkramptes' and the 'verligtes'
## Footnote
These terms refer to the 'narrow-minded ones' and 'the enlightened ones' respectively.
141
What major event occurred in 1989 regarding PW Botha?
PW Botha had a stroke and was replaced by FW De Klerk
## Footnote
This marked a significant turning point in South African politics.
142
What happened after FW De Klerk replaced PW Botha?
The countrywide State of Emergency was ended
## Footnote
This action was part of a broader shift towards reform in South Africa.
143
What event did De Klerk hold in 1989 to check for parliamentary support?
Tricameral elections
## Footnote
De Klerk aimed to confirm majority support for his plan to end apartheid.
144
What was the Mass Democratic Movement's response to the 1989 elections?
Called for a boycott
## Footnote
They sought a quick handover of power.
145
Who became the state president after the 1989 elections?
De Klerk
## Footnote
He started negotiations with the ANC.
146
Name one type of anti-apartheid political organization active during this period.
Banned ANC
## Footnote
Other organizations included the Progressive Federal Party (PFP).
147
What was notable about civil resistance in the 1980s in South Africa?
Many civil resistance organizations refused to cooperate with the apartheid regime
## Footnote
This included women's, religious, youth, student, civic organizations, and trade unions.
148
Define civil resistance.
Non-violent political action challenging the government regime
## Footnote
Examples include consumer boycotts and worker stayaways.
149
What are trade unions?
Organizations of workers formed to protect and improve the rights of their members through collective bargaining
## Footnote
They play a crucial role in labor rights.
150
What was the status of non-racial and Black trade unions under Vorster?
Both were illegal, but they existed
## Footnote
Example: The non-racial Food and Canning Workers' Union (FCWU) and the Black Allied Workers Union (BAWU) established in 1972.
151
When were Black trade unions legalized?
1979
## Footnote
This led to the establishment of many more Black trade unions.
152
What organization was formed in 1979 to coordinate unions for workers' rights?
Federation of South African Trade Unions (FOSATU)
## Footnote
FOSATU refused affiliation to any political party.
153
What was the purpose of the Council of Unions of South Africa (CUSA) formed in 1980?
To coordinate Black Consciousness trade unions
## Footnote
CUSA did not join FOSATU.
154
What is apartheid?
A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa.
155
Who set up the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) in 1982?
Cyril Ramaphosa.
156
What was one of the key campaigns of the NUM?
An end to job reservation.
157
What are civic associations?
Organisations of volunteers that try to improve particular aspects of their communities.
158
Name two important civic associations formed in the late 1970s.
* Soweto Civic Association
* Port Elizabeth Black Civic Organisation (PEBCO)
159
What did the civic associations often call for?
* Better services
* Lower rentals
* Lower bus and train fares
160
What was the Black Local Authorities Act?
An act that led to municipal elections in Black townships in 1983.
161
Why did many civic associations boycott the 1983 municipal elections?
They did not want Black people to cooperate with the apartheid state.
162
What role did civic associations play in the resistance to apartheid?
They became an alternative kind of Black community organisation.
163
Who was Bishop Desmond Tutu?
A vocal critic of apartheid and influential religious leader.
164
What position did Desmond Tutu hold within the Anglican Church?
Archbishop of Cape Town.
165
What was the South African Council of Churches (SACC)?
An organization that opposed apartheid and supported white conscientious objectors.
166
Who was Reverend Alan Boesak?
President of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches from 1982 to 1991.
167
True or False: The SACC supported military service for white conscientious objectors.
False.
168
Who was the Reverend Allan Boesak?
He was of the Dutch Reformed Church and an outspoken opponent of apartheid.
## Footnote
He became president of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches in 1982, increasing his influence.
169
What did the Reverend Allan Boesak lead in 1983?
He led an organization formed by Muslims who wanted to challenge apartheid.
## Footnote
This organization was particularly focused on opposing apartheid and was led by Ebrahim Rasool and Farid Esack.
170
What significant action did MK take in May 1983?
MK bombed the SADF offices in Church Street, Pretoria, killing 19 people.
## Footnote
This action marked a change in MK's approach, shifting from property destruction to actions that resulted in loss of life.
171
What was the purpose of ANC's Radio Freedom during this period?
It used revolutionary phrases to encourage a revolution.
## Footnote
The focus was primarily on the increase in civil resistance alongside violent resistance.
172
What was the 'Tricameral Constitution' passed in September 1983?
It was a new constitution opposed by anti-apartheid activists because it did not grant Black people the vote.
## Footnote
This lack of voting rights meant South Africa was not a true democracy.
173
What did Allan Boesak suggest to increase opposition to apartheid?
He suggested creating a united front of existing organizations against apartheid.
## Footnote
This led to the establishment of the United Democratic Front (UDF) in 1983.
174
What was the United Democratic Front (UDF)?
An anti-apartheid umbrella organization based on the policies of the Freedom Charter.
## Footnote
It included various religious, civic, trade union, women's, and student organizations.
175
Which organizations joined the UDF?
* Natal Indian Congress (NIC)
* Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC)
## Footnote
Both organizations were significant in the anti-apartheid movement.
176
What does UDF stand for?
United Democratic Front
## Footnote
The UDF was a left-wing movement in South Africa opposing apartheid.
177
Who were some key members of the UDF?
Tutu, Boesack, Esack, Rasool, Trevor Manuel, Popo Molefe, Mosioua Lekota, Matthew Goniwe
## Footnote
These individuals played significant roles in the anti-apartheid movement.
178
What was the initial focus of the UDF?
Boycott of the first 'tricameral elections'
## Footnote
The UDF officially launched as these elections began in August 1984.
179
What percentage of eligible Coloured and Indian voters participated in the 1984 'tricameral elections'?
20%
## Footnote
This low turnout was seen as a success of the UDF's boycott efforts.
180
What was the One Million Signatures Campaign?
An attempt to show widespread opposition to apartheid
## Footnote
This campaign was started by the UDF in 1984.
181
What were the UDF's political beliefs?
Left-wing, advocating for political rights and civil freedoms
## Footnote
The UDF sought radical economic transformation as well.
182
True or False: The UDF encouraged collaboration with the apartheid regime.
False
## Footnote
The UDF opposed working within the system and called for its collapse.
183
Fill in the blank: Trevor Manuel was a member of the UDF's _______.
National Executive Council
## Footnote
He later became South Africa's Minister of Finance.
184
Who was Matthew Goniwe?
A respected headmaster and influential ANC activist
## Footnote
He joined the UDF after being released from prison.
185
What was the stance of NIC and TIC regarding the elections?
Influential in getting the Indian community to boycott elections
## Footnote
They played a key role in the anti-apartheid movement.
186
What was the main demand of the End Conscription Campaign (ECC) launched in 1984?
An end to compulsory military service for white men
## Footnote
The ECC aimed to challenge the apartheid system's military conscription policies.
187
Who designed the logo for the End Conscription Campaign?
Jonathan Shapiro (Zapiro)
## Footnote
Zapiro was a member of both the ECC and the UDF.
188
Which organization significantly supported the ECC?
The Black Sash
## Footnote
The Black Sash was a long-established white women's anti-apartheid organization.
189
What was the relationship between the ECC and the UDF?
The ECC joined the UDF
## Footnote
The Black Sash also worked with the UDF during this period.
190
What trade union joined the UDF, despite its basis on non-racial Freedom Charter policies?
CUSA
## Footnote
CUSA represented Black Consciousness trade unionism.
191
What role did Olivia Forsyth play in the ECC?
An SAP spy who infiltrated the ECC
## Footnote
She also became the Rhodes University chairperson for both the ECC and NUSAS.
192
What was the UDF's stance regarding the armed struggle?
The UDF did not support the armed struggle
## Footnote
Some members were part of both the UDF and ANC, while others criticized the ANC's armed approach.
193
Who was the UDF president that was a member of both the UDF and ANC?
Archie Gumede
## Footnote
His involvement highlighted the complex relationships between these organizations.
194
Which prominent figure received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 for non-violent opposition to apartheid?
Desmond Tutu
## Footnote
Tutu's award drew significant media attention for the non-violent struggle.
195
What characterized the latter part of 1984 in South Africa?
A time of violence, especially in the Black townships of the Vaal Triangle
## Footnote
This period was marked by significant civil unrest.
196
What action did the Vaal Civic Association call for in response to rising municipal service costs?
A stayaway by workers and school students
## Footnote
The UDF supported this initiative.
197
What term was used for unemployed people who took jobs during strikes?
'Scabs'
## Footnote
They undermined the effectiveness of stayaways and strikes.
198
Fill in the blank: The ECC was launched in ______.
1984
## Footnote
This marked a significant moment in anti-apartheid activism.
199
What was the main demand of the End Conscription Campaign (ECC) launched in 1984?
An end to compulsory military service for white men
## Footnote
The ECC aimed to challenge the apartheid system's military conscription policies.
200
Who designed the logo for the End Conscription Campaign?
Jonathan Shapiro (Zapiro)
## Footnote
Zapiro was a member of both the ECC and the UDF.
201
Which organization significantly supported the ECC?
The Black Sash
## Footnote
The Black Sash was a long-established white women's anti-apartheid organization.
202
What was the relationship between the ECC and the UDF?
The ECC joined the UDF
## Footnote
The Black Sash also worked with the UDF during this period.
203
What trade union joined the UDF, despite its basis on non-racial Freedom Charter policies?
CUSA
## Footnote
CUSA represented Black Consciousness trade unionism.
204
What role did Olivia Forsyth play in the ECC?
An SAP spy who infiltrated the ECC
## Footnote
She also became the Rhodes University chairperson for both the ECC and NUSAS.
205
What was the UDF's stance regarding the armed struggle?
The UDF did not support the armed struggle
## Footnote
Some members were part of both the UDF and ANC, while others criticized the ANC's armed approach.
206
Who was the UDF president that was a member of both the UDF and ANC?
Archie Gumede
## Footnote
His involvement highlighted the complex relationships between these organizations.
207
Which prominent figure received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 for non-violent opposition to apartheid?
Desmond Tutu
## Footnote
Tutu's award drew significant media attention for the non-violent struggle.
208
What characterized the latter part of 1984 in South Africa?
A time of violence, especially in the Black townships of the Vaal Triangle
## Footnote
This period was marked by significant civil unrest.
209
What action did the Vaal Civic Association call for in response to rising municipal service costs?
A stayaway by workers and school students
## Footnote
The UDF supported this initiative.
210
What term was used for unemployed people who took jobs during strikes?
'Scabs'
## Footnote
They undermined the effectiveness of stayaways and strikes.
211
Fill in the blank: The ECC was launched in ______.
1984
## Footnote
This marked a significant moment in anti-apartheid activism.
212
What was the role of civics, trade unions, and student protest organizations in the 1980s?
They supported each other through various means such as civic projects, rent boycotts, and co-ordinated stayaways.
## Footnote
These organizations collaborated to amplify their impact against apartheid.
213
What was the significance of the Vaal Triangle during the 1980s?
It was an important industrial area housing Iscor and Eskom, crucial to the South African economy.
## Footnote
Iscor produced iron and steel, while Eskom generated electricity.
214
What happened during the protest action in the Vaal Triangle?
It turned into a violent uprising where four Black community councillors were killed by protesters.
## Footnote
This uprising highlighted the tensions within the community regarding collaboration with the apartheid regime.
215
How did the South African Police (SAP) respond to the uprising in the Vaal Triangle?
They struggled to suppress the uprising and required assistance from the South African Defence Force (SADF).
## Footnote
This deployment of the army into townships caused discomfort among conscripts.
216
What was the effect of the government's decision to deploy the army into townships?
It encouraged the ECC (Emergency Campaign Committee) to increase its protests.
## Footnote
The presence of the army heightened tensions between the government and the communities.
217
Why were Black community councillors viewed negatively by their communities?
They were seen as collaborating with the apartheid regime while struggling to provide services and collect rents and levies.
## Footnote
This dual role increased tensions and distrust.
218
What events escalated in 1985 regarding the state's authority?
Revolts against the state increased, with firebombing of government buildings and attacks on Black policemen's homes.
## Footnote
These actions reflected the growing frustration and anger among the oppressed communities.
219
220
What was the role of civics, trade unions, and student protest organizations in the 1980s?
They supported each other through various means such as civic projects, rent boycotts, and co-ordinated stayaways.
## Footnote
These organizations collaborated to amplify their impact against apartheid.
221
What was the significance of the Vaal Triangle during the 1980s?
It was an important industrial area housing Iscor and Eskom, crucial to the South African economy.
## Footnote
Iscor produced iron and steel, while Eskom generated electricity.
222
What happened during the protest action in the Vaal Triangle?
It turned into a violent uprising where four Black community councillors were killed by protesters.
## Footnote
This uprising highlighted the tensions within the community regarding collaboration with the apartheid regime.
223
How did the South African Police (SAP) respond to the uprising in the Vaal Triangle?
They struggled to suppress the uprising and required assistance from the South African Defence Force (SADF).
## Footnote
This deployment of the army into townships caused discomfort among conscripts.
224
What was the effect of the government's decision to deploy the army into townships?
It encouraged the ECC (Emergency Campaign Committee) to increase its protests.
## Footnote
The presence of the army heightened tensions between the government and the communities.
225
Why were Black community councillors viewed negatively by their communities?
They were seen as collaborating with the apartheid regime while struggling to provide services and collect rents and levies.
## Footnote
This dual role increased tensions and distrust.
226
What events escalated in 1985 regarding the state's authority?
Revolts against the state increased, with firebombing of government buildings and attacks on Black policemen's homes.
## Footnote
These actions reflected the growing frustration and anger among the oppressed communities.
227
What was declared by the government in response to uprisings in 1985?
A State of Emergency
## Footnote
This was viewed by the ANC as a sign of desperation.
228
What did Tambo call for in his speech on ANC's Radio Freedom?
To make 'apartheid unworkable and South Africa ungovernable'
## Footnote
This speech was broadcast from other African countries.
229
What extreme action did some Black activists take against apartheid collaborators?
'Necklacing'
## Footnote
This involved placing a petrol-filled tyre around the victim's body and setting it alight.
230
Which two groups were involved in increasing violence during the 1980s in South Africa?
ANC and Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP)
## Footnote
The ANC aimed to keep South Africa united, while the IFP opposed a centralized communist future.
231
Who was Winnie Madikizela-Mandela?
A key member of the ANC and the UDF who encouraged extreme actions
## Footnote
She was the wife of Nelson Mandela.
232
Who led the South African Council of Churches (SACC) during this period?
Beyers Naudé
## Footnote
He was an anti-apartheid activist and opposed the Dutch Reformed Church's support for apartheid.
233
What significant document did the SACC publish in 1985?
The Kairos Document
## Footnote
It called on Christians to support the liberation struggle.
234
What was the relationship between the SACC and the UDF?
Strong relationship
## Footnote
Both organizations had offices in the same building, Khotso House, in Johannesburg.
235
What was the role of the Council of South African Students (COSAS)?
Major supporter of the UDF, organizing school boycotts
## Footnote
They called for 'Liberation before Education'.
236
What was the National Education Crisis Committee (NECC)?
Formed by students, parents, and teachers concerned about school boycotts
## Footnote
It recommended consumer boycotts instead of school boycotts.
237
What did the NECC call for?
'Liberation for Education'
## Footnote
This was in response to the ineffectiveness of school boycotts.
238
What activities did street committees in Black townships engage in?
Political and civic action
## Footnote
Included protests, stayaways, violence, and rubbish removal.
239
Who encouraged consumer boycotts in Port Elizabeth during 1985?
Mkhuseli Jack
## Footnote
He was a member of the UDF.
240
True or False: The UDF only focused on violent protests.
False
## Footnote
The UDF also encouraged grassroots organizations and civic actions.
241
What was declared by the government in response to uprisings in 1985?
A State of Emergency
## Footnote
This was viewed by the ANC as a sign of desperation.
242
What did Tambo call for in his speech on ANC's Radio Freedom?
To make 'apartheid unworkable and South Africa ungovernable'
## Footnote
This speech was broadcast from other African countries.
243
What extreme action did some Black activists take against apartheid collaborators?
'Necklacing'
## Footnote
This involved placing a petrol-filled tyre around the victim's body and setting it alight.
244
Which two groups were involved in increasing violence during the 1980s in South Africa?
ANC and Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP)
## Footnote
The ANC aimed to keep South Africa united, while the IFP opposed a centralized communist future.
245
Who was Winnie Madikizela-Mandela?
A key member of the ANC and the UDF who encouraged extreme actions
## Footnote
She was the wife of Nelson Mandela.
246
Who led the South African Council of Churches (SACC) during this period?
Beyers Naudé
## Footnote
He was an anti-apartheid activist and opposed the Dutch Reformed Church's support for apartheid.
247
What significant document did the SACC publish in 1985?
The Kairos Document
## Footnote
It called on Christians to support the liberation struggle.
248
What was the relationship between the SACC and the UDF?
Strong relationship
## Footnote
Both organizations had offices in the same building, Khotso House, in Johannesburg.
249
What was the role of the Council of South African Students (COSAS)?
Major supporter of the UDF, organizing school boycotts
## Footnote
They called for 'Liberation before Education'.
250
What was the National Education Crisis Committee (NECC)?
Formed by students, parents, and teachers concerned about school boycotts
## Footnote
It recommended consumer boycotts instead of school boycotts.
251
What did the NECC call for?
'Liberation for Education'
## Footnote
This was in response to the ineffectiveness of school boycotts.
252
What activities did street committees in Black townships engage in?
Political and civic action
## Footnote
Included protests, stayaways, violence, and rubbish removal.
253
Who encouraged consumer boycotts in Port Elizabeth during 1985?
Mkhuseli Jack
## Footnote
He was a member of the UDF.
254
True or False: The UDF only focused on violent protests.
False
## Footnote
The UDF also encouraged grassroots organizations and civic actions.
255
What role did street committees play in consumer boycotts?
Street committees became involved in organising these consumer boycotts.
256
What was the aim of the national Consumer Boycott Campaign?
To reduce the profits of white businesses.
257
What did Jack realize about the state and its military power?
The state had much greater military power than the resistance movement, but it needed money to maintain this power.
258
What economic strategy did Jack encourage the UDF to adopt?
To focus on bringing down the South African economy.
259
What effect did PW Botha's Rubicon speech have on the rand?
The value of the rand fell.
260
What economic problems arose from the falling rand?
Imported factory equipment and military equipment began to cost more, leading to increased inflation.
261
What led to more consumer, rent, and transport boycotts?
Rising prices due to increased inflation.
262
What was the focus of trade union leaders during this period?
Achieving political change through economic pressure.
263
Who organised talks among trade unions about unifying around the Freedom Charter?
Ramaphosa.
264
What organization replaced FOSATU at the end of 1985?
The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU).
265
Name a key member of COSATU who led the National Union of Mineworkers.
Cyril Ramaphosa.
266
Who led the Sweet Food and Allied Workers Union (SFAWU)?
Jay Naidoo.
267
Who was the leader of the Food and Canning Workers Union (FCWU)?
Chris Dlamini.
268
Who led the Metal and Allied Workers Union (MAWU)?
Moses Mayekiso.
269
Who led the South African Railways and Harbours Union (SARHWU)?
Sam Pholotho.
270
What dual focus did COSATU have?
Political change and labour issues.
271
Who served as General-Secretary of the Council of South African Trade Unions from 1985 to 1993?
Jay Naidoo.
272
Fill in the blank: Jay Naidoo was Minister of Parliament for _______.
Communications.
273
What position did Jay Naidoo hold from 2000 to 2010?
Chairperson of the Development Bank of Southern Africa.
274
What current position does Jay Naidoo hold?
Chairperson of the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition.
275
What is the significance of the May Day Strike of 1986?
It demonstrated the power of COSATU and led to its growth.
276
What is May Day?
A traditional holiday for workers celebrated on the first day of May.
277
What term did trade unions use to describe frequent strikes and boycotts?
'Rolling mass action'.
278
Who was the first secretary-general of COSATU?
Jay Naidoo.
279
Which organization did COSATU ally with?
The UDF (United Democratic Front).
280
What did the UDF and COSATU call for in support of the anti-apartheid movement?
International support for economic sanctions and disinvestment from South Africa.
281
How did the apartheid government view the UDF and COSATU?
As a front for the ANC.
282
What major action did the government take in response to increasing pressure in 1986?
Declared a countrywide State of Emergency.
283
What event occurred in Durban in 1986?
An MK bombing of Magoo's Bar that left three people dead.
284
Who resigned from parliament due to the government's refusal to embrace democracy?
Frederik van Zyl Slabbert.
285
What organization did Frederik van Zyl Slabbert co-found?
Institute for a Democratic Alternative for South Africa (IDASA).
286
What did the Afrikaner Broederbond urge the NP government to do?
Turn South Africa into a democracy.
287
What did Wynand Malan do in 1987?
Left the NP to form an opposition political party.
288
What was the outcome of the national stayaway organized by the UDF and COSATU in 1987?
It was a great success.
289
What was the duration of the NUM strike in August 1987?
Three weeks.
290
What action was taken by the South African business community in response to unrest?
Called for political changes.
291
What was the role of General E in 1988?
Opposed the ANC.
292
What was significant about the MDM launched in 1989?
It organized political activities and protests.
293
What did the MDM do to support the anti-apartheid movement?
Organized mass protests and mobilized public support.
294
What was banned during the protests organized by the MDM?
Carrying weapons.
295
What happened in November 1989 related to the anti-apartheid movement?
Exposed the government's actions.
296
What were the UDF and COSATU's roles during the late 1980s in South Africa?
They acted as a front for the ANC and became increasingly restricted by the state.
## Footnote
The United Democratic Front (UDF) and the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) played significant roles in opposing apartheid.
297
What significant event did the NUM lead in August 1987?
A three-week strike involving hundreds of thousands of mineworkers.
## Footnote
NUM stands for the National Union of Mineworkers.
298
What was the outcome of South Africa's involvement in Angola in 1988?
South Africa ended its involvement and agreed to South West Africa becoming independent.
## Footnote
This was part of a broader context of internal unrest in South Africa.
299
What pressure did prominent South African businessmen exert on the state in the late 1980s?
They pressured the state to end apartheid due to the weakening economy.
300
Who took power in the Transkei in 1988 and what was his role?
General Bantu Holomisa took power and helped the ANC oppose apartheid.
301
What action did the Dutch Reformed Church take in 1989 regarding apartheid?
It condemned apartheid and rejected its biblical justification.
302
What did the ANC call for in 1989?
A 'year of mass action'.
303
What was the Mass Democratic Movement (MDM)?
A coalition formed in response to the ANC's call for mass action, including the UDF and COSATU.
## Footnote
The MDM launched the National Defiance Campaign to protest against the 1989 tricameral elections.
304
What significant protest was organized by the MDM?
The 'Purple Rain Protest' in Cape Town.
## Footnote
Protesters were sprayed with purple dye to identify them later by the police.
305
What was the public's response to the MDM's efforts?
Huge support came from across South Africa, with people breaking banning orders and distributing struggle literature.
306
What did the Vrye Weekblad newspaper do in November 1989?
It turned more people against the apartheid regime.
307
What was established in 1982?
The National Union of Mineworkers (NUM).
## Footnote
NUM was crucial in organizing labor actions against apartheid.
308
What did the UDF establish in 1983?
The United Democratic Front (UDF) was established.
309
What significant speech did FW De Klerk give in 1985?
The Rubicon Speech.
## Footnote
This speech was a pivotal moment in South Africa's political landscape.
310
Fill in the blank: In 1987, trade unions were banned from engaging in _______.
political activities.
311
True or False: COSATU's membership declined during the late 1980s.
False.
## Footnote
COSATU's membership continued to grow despite restrictions.
312
What major event took place in 1976 in South Africa?
The Soweto Uprising.
313
What was the impact of the assassination of David Webster?
It influenced the Afrikaans community against the apartheid system.
314
What was the aim of the National Defiance Campaign?
To protest against the 1989 tricameral elections.
