1990s: Main Points Flashcards
NATO (2)
- 1997: Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland invited
- The Partnership for Peace (PfP) is a programme of practical bilateral cooperation between individual Euro-Atlantic partner countries and NATO (1994)
Arms Race (5)
- CFE (Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe) treaty (NATO-Warsaw pact) 1990
- INF (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty)
• START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)
1991 START I entered into force in December 1994
- Non-strategic nuclear weapons (1991-92) → weapons not captured by INF and START
- 1993: START II (ratified in 2000 only)
India-Pakistan (3)
- Kashmir: Pakistan calls for plebiscite to the UN. The UN doesn’t want to internationalise the conflict, better solve bilaterally. Pakistan supports terrorism.
- 1999→ Kargil War
• 1996 MFN (Most-Favoured Nation). They don’t have bilateral agreements. But India granted the title of MFN to Pakistan.
Paki wanted tariff concessions from India. India said this is good for good relations, even though they’re not the strongest trading partner. Modi prefered a more diplomatic approach but changed in 2016.
Middle East (2)
- Kurds spread in the region, particularly in Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria
- Kurdish autonomy in Iraq de facto after 1991, de jure after 2003
ASEAN (3)
- In the 1990s ASEAN emerged as a leading voice on regional trade and security issues. For example, ASEAN adopted a declaration to resolve disputes in the South China Sea, promoted dialogue on regional security by establishing the ASEAN Regional Forum, and worked to resolve the conflict in East Timor.
- In 1992 members reduced intraregional tariffs and eased restrictions on foreign investment by creating the ASEAN Free Trade Area.
- Faced with the 1997 Asian financial crisis, which started in Thailand, ASEAN members pushed to further integrate their economies.
Russia (5)
• To join the West, as an integral player in Europe (West+East)
• An ally of the US (From Vancouver to Vladivostok)
→ Euroatlantic Partnership Council (1997) and PfP (1997)
• Member of council of Europe (1996). Part of G7→ G8 (1997)
• Higher status in the West alongside with the US
→ RU was offered partnership, but no privileges
→ RU-US estranged after, Kosovo 1999 made it worse
• Consolidation of Post-Soviet space: CSTO (1991/2002), CIS (1991)
