1ST BM RECALLS Flashcards by SALI BABY

Approximately how many percent of patients treated with any antipsychotic achieve remission?

None of the above
70 percent
30 percent
100 percent

100 percent

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He compiled data to support the idea that schizophrenia occurred more often among persons
with asthenic (i.e., slender, lightly muscled physiques), athletic, or dysplastic body types rather than
among persons with pyknic (i.e., short, stocky physiques) body types

Adolf Meyer
Karl Jaspers
Ernst Kretschmer
Kurt Schneider

Ernst Kretschmer

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He was interested in the phenomenology of mental illness and the subjective feelings of patients with mental illness. His work paved the way toward trying to understand the psychological meaning of schizophrenic signs and symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations

Kurt Schneider
Ernst Kretschmer
Karl Jaspers
Adolf Meyer

Karl Jaspers

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the founder of psychobiology, saw schizophrenia as a reaction to life stresses. It was a maladaptation that was understandable in terms of the patient’s life experiences

Adolf Meyer
Karl Jaspers
Ernst Kretschmer
Kurt Schneide

Adolf Meyer

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Recent studies have also demonstrated that nicotine may decrease positive symptoms such as
hallucinations in schizophrenia patients by its effect on nicotine receptors in the brain that reduce
the perception of outside stimuli, especially noise. In that sense, smoking is a form of selfmedication

a. True
b. False

a. True

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This neurotransmitter has been implicated because of its role in causing the prominent anhedonia (the impaired capacity for emotional gratification and the decreased ability to experience
pleasure) seen in Schizophrenia.

Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Dopamine
GABA

Norepinephrine

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It has a regulatory effect on dopamine activity, and the loss of its inhibitory activity could lead to
the hyperactivity of dopaminergic neurons

Substance P
GABA
Serotonin
Norepinephrine

GABA

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He/she postulated that schizophrenia resulted from developmental fixations early in life. These
fixations produce defects in ego development, and he postulated that such defects contributed to
the symptoms of schizophrenia

Harry Stack Sullivan
Paul Federn
Margaret Mahler
Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

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He/she hypothesized that the defect in ego functions permits intense hostility and aggression to
distort the mother–infant relationship, which leads to eventual personality disorganization and
vulnerability to stress

Margaret Mahler
Harry Stack Sullivan
Paul Federn
Sigmund Freud

Paul Federn

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He/she viewed schizophrenia as a disturbance in interpersonal relatedness. The patient’s
massive anxiety creates a sense of unrelatedness that is transformed into parataxic distortions,
which are usually, but not always, persecutory

Sigmund Freud
Paul Federn
Margaret Mahler
Harry Stack Sullivan

Harry Stack Sullivan

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He/she describes Schizophrenia as resulting from distortions in the reciprocal relationship between the infant and the mother. The child is unable to separate from, and progress beyond, the closeness and complete dependence that characterize the mother–child relationship in the oral phase of development. As a result, the person’s identity never becomes secure

Margaret Mahler
Harry Stack Sullivan
Sigmund Freud

Margaret Mahler

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A hypothetical family in which children receive conflicting parental messages about their
behavior, attitudes, and feelings.

Pseudomutual and pseudohostile families
Expressed emotion
Double bind
Schism and skewed families

Double bind

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Parents or other caregivers may behave with overt criticism, hostility, and overinvolvement
toward a person with schizophrenia.
With this dynamic relapse rate for schizophrenia is high

Double bind
Pseudomutual and pseudohostile families
Expressed emotion
Schism and skewed families

Expressed emotion

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In such families, a unique verbal communication develops, and when a child leaves home and
must relate to other persons, problems may arise. The child’s verbal communication may be
incomprehensible to outsiders

Double bind
Pseudomutual and pseudohostile families
Schism and skewed families
Expressed emotion

Pseudomutual and pseudohostile families

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The Dopamine Receptor Antagonists (DRAs) are effective when approximately how much of
dopamine D2 receptors in the brain are occupied?

72%
62%
52%
None of the above

72%

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A potentially fatal side effect of Dopamine Receptor Anatagonist (DRA) treatment that can occur
at any time during the course of treatment

Seizure
None of the above
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Orthostatic Hypotension

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

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Blockade of histamine H1 receptors is the usual cause of sedation
associated with DRAs

True
False

True

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Side effect mediated by adrenergic blockade and occurs most frequently during the first few days of treatment. Tolerance often develops for this side effect, which is why initial dosing of these drugs is lower than the usual therapeutic dose

Seizure
None of the above
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Orthostatic Hypotension

Orthostatic Hypotension

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Both men and women taking DRAs can experience anorgasmia and decreased libido.

True
False

True

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Severely agitated and violent patients, regardless of diagnosis, may be treated with DRAs.

True
False

True

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About two thirds of agitated, elderly patients with various forms of dementia improve when given
a DRA

True
False

True

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DRAs may lower the seizure threshold. Low-potency drugs are thought to be more epileptogenic than are high-potency drugs

True
False

True

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Central Anticholinergic Effects of DRAs include

all of the above
disorientation to time, person, and place
severe agitation
hallucinations

all of the above

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The term atypical is used because these drugs differ in their side effect profiles, most notably a lower risk of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), and have spectra of action that are broader than those of the DRAs

True
False

True

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Where the Serotonin-Dopamine Antagonists (SDAs) differ from older antipsychotic drugs is their higher ratio interactions with serotonin receptor subtypes, most notably the 5-HT2A subtype, as well as with other neurotransmitter systems. True False

True

About 10 percent of patients with schizophrenia exhibit outwardly aggressive or violent behavior, and the SDAs are effective for treatment of such aggression. True False

True

Risperidone and Olanzapine have been used to control aggression and self-injury in children. True False

True

Which of the following is not a First-Generation Antipsychotic? Chlorpromazine Haloperidol Fluphenazine decanoate Risperidone

Risperidone

Which of the following is not a Second-Generation Antipsychotic? Quetiapine Aripiprazole Levomepromazine Clozapine

Levomepromazine

In Shared Psychotic Disorder, the individual who first has the delusion (the primary case) is often chronically ill and typically is the influential member of a close relationship with a more suggestible person (the secondary case) who also develops the delusion True False

True

The delusion that a familiar person has been replaced by an impostor. Intermetamorphosis None of the above Capgras syndrome Cotard syndrome

Capgras syndrome

Shared psychotic disorder may be a type of schizophrenia, a type of mood disorder, or the simultaneous expression of each True False

True

Type of schizophrenia characterized by a marked regression to primitive, disinhibited, and unorganized behavior. Residual Paranoid Disorganized Catatonic

Disorganized

Type of schizophrenia characterized by preoccupation with **one or more delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations.** Paranoid Disorganized Catatonic Residual

Paranoid

Type of schizophrenia characterized by continuing evidence of the schizophrenic disturbance in the absence of a complete set of active symptoms or of sufficient symptoms to meet the diagnosis of another type of schizophrenia. Residual Catatonic Disorganized Paranoid

Residual

ype of Schizophrenia marked by disturbance in motor function; this disturbance may involve stupor, negativism, rigidity, excitement, or posturing. Residual Paranoid Disorganized Catatonic

Catatonic

Derailment or loose associations is an example of. Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior

Disorganized speech

Resistance to instructions or negativism is an example of. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior Hallucinations Delusions Disorganized speech

Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior

Diminished emotional expression is a Positive psychotic symptom Negative psychotic symptom

Negative psychotic symptom

De**creased ability to experience pleasure** from positive stimuli or a degradation in the recollection of pleasure previously experienced. Alogia Asociality Avolition Anhedonia

Anhedonia

Decrease in motivated, **self-initiated purposeful activities.** Avolition Alogia Anhedonia Asociality

Avolition

Diminished speech output Alogia Anhedonia Avolition Asociality

Alogia

Lack of interest in **social interactions.** Anhedonia Asociality Alogia Avolition

Asociality

Which of the following antipsychotic medications is a long-acting injectable preparation. Quetiapine Clozapine Fluphenazine decanoate Amisulpride

Fluphenazine decanoate

In Schizophreniform disorder, most estimates of progression to schizophrenia range between 60 and 80 percent True False

True

Norman Cameron described seven situations that favor the development of delusional disorders. These include an increased expectation of receiving sadistic treatment situations that increase distrust and suspicion social isolation all of the above

all of the above

Risks associated with Delusional Disorder Recent immigration All of the above Advanced age Family history

All of the above

Good prognostic features for Brief Psychotic Disorder Family history of Schizophrenia None of the above Severe precipitating stressor Insidious onset of symptoms

Severe precipitating stressor

Pathognomonic sign of Schizophrenia Delusions Hallucinations None of the above Disorganized speech

None of the above

Clozapine has a number of side effects that make it a difficult drug to administer. The most serious is a risk of agranulocytosis. True False

True

Treatment during the acute phase focuses on alleviating the most severe psychotic symptoms. This phase usually lasts from 1 to 2 weeks None of the above 4 to 8 weeks 3 to 6 months

4 to 8 weeks

Low-potency antipsychotics are often associated with sedation and postural hypotension, particularly when they are administered intramuscularly. True False

True

Intramuscular ziprasidone and olanzapine are similar to their oral counterparts in not causing substantial extrapyramidal side effects during acute treatment . True False

True

In the stable or maintenance phase, the illness is in a relative stage of remission. The goals during this phase are to prevent psychotic relapse and to assist patients in improving their level of functioning. True False

True

During the maintenance phase, how many percent of patients with Schizophrenia receiving treatment will experience a relapse within 1 year? 90 percent None of the above 50 percent 16 to 23 percent

16 to 23 percent

Without medications in the maintenance phase, how many percent of patients with Schizophrenia receiving treatment will experience a relapse? 30 to 40 percent 53 to 72 percent None of the above 10 to 20 percent

53 to 72 percent

It is generally recommended that multi-episode patients receive maintenance treatment for at least 5 years, and many experts recommend pharmacotherapy on an indefinite basis True False

True

Regarding non-compliance to treatment in Schizophrenia All of the above An estimated 40 to 50 percent of patients become noncompliant within 1 or 2 years Noncompliance with long-term antipsychotic treatment is very high Compliance increases when long-acting medication is used instead of oral medication

All of the above

Strategies for poor responders to pharmacotherapy in Schizophrenia 4- to 6-week trial on an adequate dose of an antipsychotic monitoring the plasma concentration of the drug to confirm adequate dosage raising the dose of the drug if necessary all of the above

all of the above

Managing the extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) of antipsychotics include. reducing the dose of the antipsychotic adding an anti-Parkinson medication changing the patient to a Serotonin-Dopamine Antagonist (SDA) all of the above

all of the above

He used the term démence précoce to describe deteriorated patients whose illnesses began in adolescence. None of the above Benedict Morel Eugene Bleuler Emil Kraepelin

Benedict Morel

Peak age of onset of Schizophrenia in men. After 45 years old 25 to 35 years old None of the above 10 to 25 years old

10 to 25 years old

He translated démence précoce into dementia precox, a term that emphasized the change in cognition (dementia) and early onset (precox) of the disorder. Emil Kraepelin None of the above Benedict Morel Eugene Bleuler

Emil Kraepelin

He coined the term schizophrenia, which replaced dementia precox in the literature. Benedict Morel Eugene Bleuler Emil Kraepelin None of the above

Eugene Bleuler

The four A’s of Schizophrenia: associations, affect, autism, and ambivalence True False

True

The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is about 10 percent 1 percent 0.1 percent None of the above

1 percent

Schizophrenia is equally prevalent in men and women. a. True b. False

a. True

Peak age of onset of Schizophrenia in women 25 to 35 years old After 45 years old None of the above 10 to 25 years old

25 to 35 years old

Late-onset Schizophrenia usually occurs None of the above After age 45 years After age 35 years After age 25 years

After age 45 years

First-degree biological relatives of persons with schizophrenia have a ten times greater risk for developing the disease than the general population a. True b. False

a. True

Infection and birth season are biological predisposing factors in the development of Schizophrenia later in life. Persons who develop schizophrenia are more likely to have been born in the a. winter and early spring b. late spring and summer c. summer d. none of the above

a. winter and early spring

Apart from smoking-associated mortality, nicotine decreases the blood concentrations of some antipsychotics a. True b. False

a. True

The prevalence of schizophrenia has been correlated with local population density in cities with populations of more than 1 million people. This is due to social stressors in urban settings exposure to viruses in high population densities there is no correlation to population densities none of the above

social stressors in urban settings

Excessive dopamine release in patients with schizophrenia has been linked to the severity of negative psychotic symptoms a. True b. False

b. False do**pa**mine-**po**sitive

The symptoms of schizophreniform are similar to those of schizophrenia; however, with schizophreniform disorder, the symptoms last for at least 1 month to less than 6 months 1 month but less than 3 months At least 6 months 1 day to less than 1 month

1 month to less than 6 months

The **concept of schizophreniform** disorder was introduced in 1939 by Emil Kraeplin Gabriel Langfeldt None of the above Eugene Bleuler

Gabriel Langfeldt

The following statements are true regarding the epidemiology of Schizophreniform Disorder All of the above fivefold greater rate of schizophreniform disorder has been found in men than in women 1-year prevalence rate of 0.09 percent and a lifetime prevalence rate of 0.11 percent have been reported most common in adolescents and young adults and is less than half as common as schizophrenia

All of the above

The relatives of patients with schizophreniform disorders are more likely to have mood disorders than are the relatives of patients with schizophrenia a. true b. false

a. true

Several studies have shown that patients with schizophreniform disorder, as a group, have more affective symptoms (especially mania) and a better outcome than patients with schizophrenia a. true b. false

a. true

One of the differences of Schizophreniform Disorder from Schizophrenia is its psychotic symptoms rapid onset and lacks a long prodromal phase none of the above insidious onset

rapid onset and lacks a long prodromal phase

In **Schizophreniform** Disorder, how many psychotic symptoms must be present? At least 3 At least 2 At least 1 None of the above

At least 2

An indicator of poor prognosis in Schizophreniform Disorder Emotional turmoil None of the above Negative symptoms Confusion

Negative symptoms

Which of the following statements regarding the course and prognosis of Schizophreniform Disorder is true? Most estimates of progression to schizophrenia range between 60 and 80 percent Only 10 percent progress to Schizophrenia None of the above It is a psychotic illness lasting more than 1 month and less than 3 months

Most estimates of progression to schizophrenia range between 60 and 80 percent

The following statements are true regarding the treatment of Schizophreniform Disorder Hospitalization is often necessary Psychotherapy is usually necessary All of the above treated by a 3- to 6-month course of antipsychotic drugs

All of the above

The data can be interpreted to indicate a physiological similarity between the psychosis of schizophrenia and the psychosis of schizophreniform disorder Impaired striatal activity suppression limited to the left hemisphere during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test hyporesponsive skin conductances enlargement of the cerebral ventricles none of the above

Impaired striatal activity suppression limited to the left hemisphere during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

The following statements regarding the course of Schizophrenia are true patients usually relapse, however, and the pattern of illness during the first 5 years after the diagnosis generally indicates the patient’s course all of the above after the first psychotic episode, a patient gradually recovers and may then function relatively normally for a long time one of exacerbations and remissions

all of the above

Major distinction between schizophrenia and the mood disorders response to medications none of the above failure to return to baseline functioning after each relapse need for hospitalization

failure to return to baseline functioning after each relapse

Several studies have shown that over the 5- to 10-year period after the first psychiatric hospitalization for schizophrenia, only about 10 to 20 percent of patients can be described as having a good outcome 75 percent of patients can be described as having a good outcome None of the above 50 percent of patients can be described as having a good outcome

10 to 20 percent of patients can be described as having a good outcome

The following indicate good prognosis in Schizophrenia Young onset Mood disorder symptoms No precipitating factors Insidious onset

Mood disorder symptoms

The following indicate good prognosis in Schizophrenia Negative symptoms Acute onset Many relapses Family history of Schizophrenia

Acute onset

The following indicate **good** prognosis in Schizophrenia Neurological signs and symptoms Divorced or widowed Positive symptoms Poor support systems

Positive symptoms

The following indicate poor prognosis in Schizophrenia Late onset Withdrawn, autistic behavior Married status Obvious precipitating factors

Withdrawn, autistic behavior

The following indicate poor prognosis in Schizophrenia No precipitating factors Family history of mood disorders Good premorbid social, sexual and work histories Good support systems

No precipitating factors

Indications for hospitalization in Schizophrenia diagnostic purposes for patients’ safety because of suicidal or homicidal ideation stabilization of medications all of the above

all of the above

The drugs used to treat schizophrenia have a wide variety of pharmacological properties, but all share the capacity to antagonize postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the brain antagonize postsynaptic serotonin receptors in the brain antagonize presynaptic dopamine receptors in the brain antagonize presynaptic serotonin receptors in the brain

**antagonize** **post**synaptic **dopamine** receptors in the brain

The following statements are true regarding Schizophrenia it probably comprises a group of disorders with heterogeneous etiologies it includes patients whose clinical presentations, treatment response, and courses of illness vary All of the above Signs and symptoms are variable and include changes in perception, emotion, cognition, thinking, and behavior

All of the above

Regarding hospitalization of patients with Schizophrenia, short stays of 4 to 6 weeks are just as effective as long-term hospitalizations, and hospital settings with active behavioral approaches produce better results than do custodial institutions True False

True

Hospital treatment plans for patients with Schizophrenia should be oriented toward practical issues of self-care quality of life employment all of the above

all of the above

the first antipsychotic introduced in 1952 chlorpromazine clozapine none of the above haloperidol

chlorpromazine

1ST BM RECALLS Flashcards

(100 cards)