2nd bm Flashcards by SALI BABY

valve prolapse id the same as the prevalence of panic disorder inpatients without mitral valve prolapse

True
False

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

for Panic Disorder

All of the above
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Epilepsy
Asthma

All of the above

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The lifetime prevalence of specific phobia is about

10 percent
1 percent
0.1 percent
15 percent

10 percent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Psychodynamic themes in Panic Disorder

All of the above
Physical or emotional separation from significant person both in childhood and in adult life
Difficulty tolerating anger
Perception of parents as controlling, frightening, critical, and demanding

All of the above

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

often in persons without close interpersonal relationships and in those who are divorced or separated.

True
False

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An untreated depressive episode lasts

None of the above
1 to 3 months
3 to 5 months
6 to 13 months

6 to 13 months

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The environmental stressor most often associated with the onset of an episode of depression is

Unemployment
losing a parent before age 11 years
the loss of a spouse
all of the above

the loss of a spouse

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Patients with generalized anxiety disorder frequently develop major depressive disorder

True
False

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to the National Comorbidity Study the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorder in men

None of the above
30.5 percent
17.7 percent
19.2 percent

19.2 percent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Behavioral theories of postulate that anxiety is

a conditioned response to a specific environmental stimulus
response to the perceived void in existence and meaning
none of the above
a signal of the presence of danger in the unconscious

a conditioned response to a specific environmental stimulus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True regarding anxiety

all of the above
to deal with a threat
warns of impending danger
an alerting signal

all of the above

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Unipolar disorder is typically the most common form of mood disorder in families of bipolar probands

True
False

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The correlation studies between the downregulation or decreased sensitivity of β- adrenergic receptors and clinical indicating a direct role for this biogenic amine in depression

Histamine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin

Norepinephrine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

As many as 20 percent of patients actually have syncopal episodes during a panic attack

True
False

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Patients with only major depressive episodes are said to have

bipolar ll disorder
major depressive disorder or unipolar depression
bipolar l disorder
all of the above

major depressive disorder or unipolar depression

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fear is a response that is

known
conflictual
internal
vague

known

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True regarding clinical features of Panic Attack

impending death and doom
all of the above
the first panic attack is often completely spontaneous
physical signs often include tachycardia, palpitations, dyspnea, and sweating

all of the above

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hallmark of a manic episode

elevated, expansive, or irritable mood decreased need for sleep
more talkative than usual
flight of ideas

elevated, expansive, or irritable mood

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

For a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder to be made, how long should the depressive episode last

At least 2 weeks
3 to 4 days
at least 5 days
At least 1 week

At least 2 weeks

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

For a diagnosis of Bipolar l Disorder to be made, a manic episode must last

At least 2 weeks
at least 5 days
At least 1 week
3 to 4 days

At least 1 week

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is

None of the above
10 to 15 percent
5 to 10 percent
1 to 4 percent

1 to 4 percent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A role of this neurotransmitter in anxiety disorders is most strongly supported by the undisputed efficacy of benzodiazepines

GABA
None of the above
Galanin
Neuropeptide Y

GABA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A pervasive and sustained emotion or feeling tone that influences a person’s behavior and colors his or her perception of being in the world

Fear
Mood
Anxiety
Affect

Mood

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True regarding co- morbidity with Generalized Anxiety Disorder

All of the above
most often coexists with another mental disorder, usually social phobia, specific phobia, panic disorder, or a depressive disorder
As many as 25 percent of patients
50 to 90 percent of patients have another mental disorder

All of the above

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True statements regarding co-morbidity of Panic Disorder two-thirds first experience panic disorder during or after the onset of major depression one-third have major depressive disorder before onset 91 percent have at least one other psychiatric disorder all of the above

two-thirds first experience panic disorder during or after the onset of major depression

As to general description, the most common symptom of depression hand wringing hair pulling none of the above generalized psychomotor retardation

generalized psychomotor retardation

Essential characteristic/s of generalized anxiety disorder all of the above sustained and excessive anxiety and worry accompanied by either motor tension or restlessness the anxiety interferes with other aspects of a person’s life

all of the above

Family data indicate that if one parent has a mood disorder, a child will have a risk of between ________ percent for mood disorder 50 and 75 % 80 to 90 % 30 and 50 % 10 and 25 %

10 and 25 %

Benzodiazepines have the most rapid onset of action against panic, often within the first week, and they can be used for long periods without the development of tolerance to the anti-panic effects. These include the following, EXCEPT Diazepam Escitalopram Alprazolam Clonazepam

Escitalopram

The biogenic amine neurotransmitter most commonly associated with depression' Serotonin Histamine Norepinephrine Dopamine

Serotonin

Increasing evidence also indicates that mood-stabilizing drugs act on None of the above G proteins or other second messengers Dopamine Serotonin

G proteins or other second messengers

Drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of panic disorder Alprazolam (Xanax) Paroxetine (Paxil) Both a and b only A only

Both a and b only

Effective drug/s for the treatment of social anxiety disorder include all of the above SSRIs Benzodiazepines Venlafaxine (Effexor)

all of the above

The two major schools of thought about psychosocial factors leading to the development of generalized anxiety disorder are the cognitive-behavioral school and the psychoanalytic school. The cognitive-behavioral school hypothesizes that anxiety is a symptom of unresolved, unconscious conflicts True False

True

The twin data provide compelling evidence that genes explain only 50 to70 percent of the etiology of mood disorders. Considering unipolar and bipolar disorders together, these studies find a concordance rate for mood disorder in same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twins of 40 to 60 % 16 to 35 % 70 to 90 % None of the above

16 to 35 %

Anxiety is a response to a threat that is Known Conflictual External definite

Conflictual

The prevalence of anxiety disorders decreases with higher socioeconomic status True False

True

Freud believed that anxiety is a conditioned response to a specific environmental stimulus response to the perceived void in existence and meaning a signal of the presence of danger in the unconscious none of the above

a signal of the presence of danger in the unconscious

Fear of heights Acrophobia Cynophobia Xenophobia Mysophobia

Acrophobia

The psychoanalytic school hypothesizes that patients with generalized anxiety disorder respond to incorrectly and inaccurately perceived dangers True False

True

True statements regarding the course and prognosis of generalized anxiety disorder only one-third of patients seek psychiatric treatment most patients with the disorder report that they have been anxious for as long as they can remember all of the above many go to general practitioners, internists, cardiologists, pulmonary specialists, orgastroenterologists, seeking treatment for the somatic component of the disorder

all of the above

Other neurotransmitter disturbances in mood disorders involve Acetylcholine. Cholinergic agonists can produce lethargy, anergia, and psychomotor retardation in healthy subjects, can exacerbate symptoms in depression, and can reduce symptoms in mania True False

True

minimum number of symptoms needed in order to make a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder? 2 3 4 5

The most compelling data indicate that the life event most often associated with development of depression is all of the above losing a parent age 11 years unemployment the loss of a spouse

losing a parent age 11 years

most patients with Bipolar l Disorder experience both depressive and manic episodes, although 10 to 20 percent experience only manic episodes True False

True

Which of the following statements regarding sex distribution in mood disorders is/are true: All of the above bipolar I disorder has an equal prevalence among men and women twofold greater prevalence of major depressive disorder in women than in men Manic episodes are more common in men, and depressive episodes are more common in women

All of the above

Recent epidemiological data suggest that the incidence of major depressive disorder may be increasing among people younger than 20years of age. This may be related to none of the above increased use of alcohol and drugs of abuse effects of childbirth hormonal differences

increased use of alcohol and drugs of abuse

Research has demonstrated that stressors that the patient experiences as reflecting negatively on his or her self- esteem are more likely to produce depression True False

True

Existential theories postulate that anxiety is none of the above response to the perceived void in existence and meaning a signal of the presence of danger in the unconscious a conditioned response to a specific environmental stimulus

response to the perceived void in existence and meaning

Situation in which Agoraphobia can occur in an enclosed space all of the above in an open space using public transportation

all of the above

Bipolar I disorder is more common in divorced and single persons than among married persons, but this difference may reflect the early onset and the resulting marital discord characteristic of the disorder True False

True

Respiratory panic-inducing substances cause respiratory stimulation and a shift in the acid–base balance. These include carbon dioxide (5 to 35 percent mixtures) sodium lactate Bicarbonate all of the above

all of the above

Neurochemical panic- inducing substances Bicarbonate sodium lactate carbon dioxide (5 to 35 percent mixtures) none of the above

none of the above

According to the National Comorbidity Study the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorder in women 17.7 percent None of the above 30.5 percent 19.2 percent

30.5 percent

A peculiar triangle-shaped fold in the nasal corner of the upper eyelid often associated with depression None of the above Freud’s fold Klein’s fold Veraguth’s fold

Veraguth’s fold

Most frequent disorders associated with major mood disorders panic disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) all of the above alcohol abuse or dependence

all of the above

The only social factor identified as contributing to the development of panic disorder is financial ruin none of the above a death in the family a recent history of divorce or separation

a recent history of divorce or separation

Most cases of agoraphobia are thought to be caused by panic disorder. When the panic disorder is treated, the agoraphobia often improves with time True False

True

Whether an event is perceived as stressful depends on the nature of the event and on the person’s resources, psychological defenses, and coping mechanisms True False

True

The idea of panic disorder may have its roots in the concept of irritable heart syndrome, which this physician noted in soldiers in the American Civil War Charles Darwin None of the above Jacob Mendes DaCosta Sigmund Freud

Jacob Mendes DaCosta

Fear of dogs Mysophobia Xenophobia Cynophobia Acrophobia

Cynophobia

Fear of strangers Cynophobia Acrophobia Mysophobia Xenophobia

Xenophobia

Modern affective neuroscience focuses on the importance of four brain regions in the regulation of normal emotions, EXCEPT: prefrontal cortex (PFC) hippocampus anterior cingulate cerebellum

cerebellum

Bipolar I disorder most often starts with depression True False

True

Elevated HPA activity is a hallmark of mammalian stress responses and one of the clearest links between depression and the biology of chronic stress True False

True

psychotic symptoms that are in harmony with the mood disorder (“I deserve to be punished because I am so bad”) mood congruent mood incongruent

mood congruent

The autonomic nervous systems of some patients with panic disorder have been reported to to respond excessively to moderate stimuli all of the above adapt slowly to repeated stimuli exhibit increased sympathetic tone

all of the above

Fear of dirt and germs Acrophobia Cynophobia Mysophobia Xenophobia

Mysophobia

These areas have become the focus of much hypothesis- forming about the neuroanatomical substrates of anxiety disorders Locus ceruleus Raphe nuclei Both a and b Only a

Both a and b

Diagnosis of Panic Disorder 1 month or more of persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks A significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks Recurrent unexpected panic attacks All of the above

All of the above

The following statements regarding socioeconomic and cultural factors in mood disorder is/are true Bipolar I disorder is more common in persons who graduated from college Depression is more common in urban areas No correlation has been found between socioeconomic status and major depressive disorder A higher than average incidence of bipolar I disorder is found among the lower socioeconomic groups

No correlation has been found between socioeconomic status and major depressive disorder

Lifetime prevalence for social anxiety disorder 30 percent none of the above 3 to 13 percent 0.3 to 1.3 percent

3 to 13 percent

This theory of depression connects depressive phenomena to the experience of uncontrollable events Classical None of the above Cognitive Learned helplessness

Learned helplessness

Fear of cats Hydrophobia Ailurophobia Pyrophobia Zoophobia

Ailurophobia

Has been demonstrated to be involved in a number of physiological and behavioral functions, including learning and memory, pain control, food intake, neuroendocrine control, cardiovascular regulation, and, most recently, anxiety Galanin None of the above GABA Neuropeptide Y

Galanin

Psychodynamic therapy proceeds with the assumption that anxiety can increase with effective treatment. The goal of the dynamic approach maybe to increase the patient’s anxiety tolerance (a capacity to experience anxiety without having to discharge it), rather than to eliminate anxiety True False

True

Panic attacks generally lasts 20 to 30 minutes and rarely more than an hour True False

True

Patients with agoraphobia rigidly avoid situations in which it would be difficult to obtain help True False

True

Mean age of onset for major depressive disorder is about 50 years 20 years 30 years 40 years

40 years

symptom feature of Major Depressive Disorder characterized by severe anhedonia, early morning awakening, weight loss, and profound feelings ofguilt (often over trivial events) None of the above With Melancholic Features With Atypical Features With Psychotic Features

With Melancholic Features

Depression is associated with a premature loss of deep (slow-wave) sleep and an increase in nocturnal arousal. The combination of increased REM drive and decreased slow- wave sleep results in a significant reduction in the first period of non-REM (NREM) sleep, a phenomenon referred to as Insomnia reduced REM latency hypersomnia none of the above

reduced REM latency

percentage of patients with Major Depressive Disorder who commit suicide 20 to 30 % 10 to 15 % 15 to 20 % None of the above

10 to 15 %

Most theories of mania view manic episodes as a defense against underlying depression True False

True

The lifetime prevalence rate for Bipolar l disorder 0.3-4.8 % 1.5-17 % 1 percent 0-2.4 %

0-2.4 %

In patients with Panic Disorder 2 to 15 to 30 percent have generalized anxiety disorder 15 to 30 percent have social anxiety disorder or social phobia All of the above

All of the above

The National Comorbidity Study reported that women are more likely to have an anxiety disorder than are men there is a 12-month prevalence rate of 17.7 percent all of the above one of four persons met the diagnostic criteria for at least one anxiety disorder

all of the above

Mean age of onset for Bipolar l disorder 30 years 20 years 50 years 40 years

30 years

A family history of bipolar disorder conveys a greater risk for mood disorders in general and, specifically, a much greater risk for bipolar disorder True False

True

The lifetime prevalence rate for major depression 0-2.4 % 0.3-4.8 % 5-17 % 1 percent

5-17 %

Has counterregulatory effects on corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)and Locus Ceruleus-Norepinephrine systems at brain sites that are important in the expression of anxiety, fear, and depression None of the above Galanin Neuropeptide Y GABA

Neuropeptide Y

The three major neurotransmitters associated with anxiety on the bases of animal studies and responses to drug treatment are dopamine, glycine, glutamate norepinephrine (NE), serotonin, and γ- aminobutyric acid (GABA) none of the above dopamine, glycine, neuropeptide Y

norepinephrine (NE), serotonin, and γ- aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Various studies have found that the first-degree relatives of patients with panic disorder have a four- to eightfold higher risk for panic disorder than first-degree relatives of other psychiatric patients True False

True

About 50 to 75 percent of all depressed patients have a cognitive impairment, sometimes referred to as Depressive pseudodementia Alzheimer’s Disease None of the above Subcortical dementia

Depressive pseudodementia

An untreated manic episode lasts about 3 months None of the above 1 week 1 month

3 months

Peripheral manifestations of anxiety Palpitations Restlessness All of the above Diarrhea

All of the above

The twin data provide compelling evidence that genes explain only 50 to70 percent of the etiology of mood disorders. Considering unipolar and bipolar disorders together, these studies find a concordance rate for mood disorder in the monozygotic (MZ) twins of 40 to 60 % 70 to 90 % None of the above 16 to 35 %

70 to 90 %

The experience of anxiety has two components: the awareness of the physiological sensations (e.g., palpitations and sweating) and the awareness of being nervous or frightened True False

True

In 1854, Jules Falret described this condition in which patients experience alternating moods of depression and mania folie impose folie circulaire none of the above folie a deux

folie circulaire

According to cognitive theory, depression results from specific cognitive distortions present in persons susceptible to depression. These distortions, referred to as ________, are cognitive templates that perceive both internal and external data in ways that are altered by early experiences Anxiety Hallucinations depressogenic schemata learned helplessness

depressogenic schemata

2nd bm Flashcards

(100 cards)