2nd bm Flashcards by SALI BABY

The many clinical drug trials that have been conducted support the hypothesis that dysregulation of this neurotransmitter is involved in the symptom formation of obsessions and compulsions in the disorder

Serotonin
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
None of the above

Serotonin

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Some interest exists in a positive link between infection and OCD. The infection is caused by

Staphylococcus aureus
Group Aβ-hemolytic streptococcus
SARS-Cov 2
Streptococcus pneumoniae

Group Aβ-hemolytic streptococcus

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OCD is considered a regression from the oedipal phase to the anal psychosexual phase of development

classic psychoanalytic theory
learning theory
cognitive theory
none of the above

classic psychoanalytic theory

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Obsessions are conditioned stimuli. A relatively neutral stimulus becomes associated with fear or anxiety through a process of respondent conditioning by being paired with events that are noxious or anxiety producing

classic psychoanalytic theory
learning theory
cognitive theory
none of the above

learning theory

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Good prognosis in OCD is indicated by

yielding to (rather than resisting) compulsions Poor
childhood onset Poor
bizarre compulsions Poor
none of the above

none of the above

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A poor prognosis in OCD is indicated by

good social and occupational adjustment good
presence of a precipitating event good
episodic nature of the symptoms good
none of the above

none of the above

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For extreme cases of OCD that are treatment resistant and chronically debilitating, the following are considerations

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Psychosurgery
Deep Brain Stimulation
all of the above

all of the above

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Characterized by a preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance that causes clinically significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning

Hair-Pulling Disorder
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
OCD
None of the above

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

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It is also known as trichotillomania, a term coined by a French dermatologist

Hair-Pulling Disorder
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
OCD
None of the above

Hair-Pulling Disorder

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Differential diagnosis in Body Dysmorphic Disorder

anorexia nervosa
gender identity disorder
major depressive disorder
all of the above

major depressive disorder

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In OCD, the most common pattern is an obsession regarding

Contamination
Pathological doubt
Intrusive thoughts
Symmetry

Contamination

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In OCD, the 2nd most common pattern is an obsession regarding

Contamination
Pathological doubt
Intrusive thoughts
Symmetry

Pathological doubt

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In OCD, the 3rd most common pattern is an obsession regarding

Contamination
Pathological doubt
Intrusive thoughts
Symmetry

Intrusive thoughts

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In OCD, the 4th most common pattern is an obsession regarding

Contamination
Pathological doubt
Intrusive thoughts
Symmetry

Symmetry

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On mental status examinations, patients with OCD may show symptoms of depressive disorders. Such symptoms are present in about 50 percent of all patients.

True
False

True

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The National Comorbidity Study reported that

one of four persons met the diagnostic criteria for at least one anxiety disorder
there is a 12-month prevalence rate of 17.7 percent
women are more likely to have an anxiety disorder than are men
all of the above

all of the above

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According to the National Comorbidity Study the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorder in women

30.5 percent
19.2 percent
17.7 percent
None of the above

30.5 percent

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According to the National Comorbidity Study the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorder in men

30.5 percent
19.2 percent
17.7 percent
None of the above

19.2 percent

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The prevalence of anxiety disorders increases with higher socioeconomic status

True
False

False

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The three major neurotransmitters associated with anxiety on the bases of animal studies and responses to drug treatment are

norepinephrine (NE), serotonin, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
dopamine, glycine, glutamate
dopamine, glycine, neuropeptide Y
serotonin, dopamine, glycine

norepinephrine (NE), serotonin, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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A role of this neurotransmitter in anxiety disorders is most strongly supported by the undisputed efficacy of benzodiazepines

Neuropeptide Y
Galanin
GABA
Dopamine

GABA

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The idea of panic disorder may have its roots in the concept of irritable heart syndrome, which this physician noted in soldiers in the American Civil War

Jacob Mendes DaCosta
Sigmund Freud
Charles Darwin
None of the above

Jacob Mendes DaCosta

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The lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is

1 to 4 percent
5 to 10 percent
10 to 15 percent
None of the above

1 to 4 percent

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The only social factor identified as contributing to the development of panic disorder is

a recent history of divorce or separation
a death in the family
financial ruin
none of the above

a recent history of divorce or separation

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Respiratory panic-inducing substances cause respiratory stimulation and a shift in the acid–base balance. carbon dioxide (5 to 35 percent mixtures) sodium lactate bicarbonate all of the above

all of the above

Diagnosis of Panic Disorder requires Recurrent unexpected panic attacks 1 month or more of persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks A significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks All of the above

All of the above

Panic attacks generally lasts 20 to 30 minutes and rarely more than an hour True False

True

Organic differential diagnosis for Panic Disorder Mitral Valve Prolapse Asthma Epilepsy All of the above

All of the above

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors are effective for panic disorder. These include Paroxetine Clonazepam Alprazolam All of the above

Paroxetine

When it becomes effective, pharmacological treatment for panic disorder should generally continue for 8 to 12 months 1 to 3 months 2 to 4 weeks None of the above

8 to 12 months

Most cases of agoraphobia are thought to be caused by panic disorder. When the panic disorder is treated, the agoraphobia often improves with time True False

True

The lifetime prevalence of specific phobia is about 10 percent 1 percent 0.1 percent None of the above

10 percent

Fear of heights Cynophobia Mysophobia Acrophobia Xenophobia

Acrophobia

Fear of dogs Cynophobia Mysophobia Acrophobia Xenophobia

Cynophobia

Fear of dirt and germs Cynophobia Mysophobia Acrophobia Xenophobia

Mysophobia

Lifetime prevalence for social anxiety disorder 3 to 13 percent 0.3 to 1.3 percent 30 percent None of the above

3 to 13 percent

Persons with social anxiety disorder are fearful of embarrassing themselves in social situations a specific location a specific object having a panic attack

embarrassing themselves in social situations

Which of the following is an essential characteristic/s of generalized anxiety disorder sustained and excessive anxiety and worry accompanied by either motor tension or restlessness the anxiety interferes with other aspects of a person’s life all of the above

all of the above

atients with generalized anxiety disorder frequently develop major depressive disorder True False

True

True statements regarding the course and prognosis of generalized anxiety disorder a. most patients with the disorder report that they have been anxious just recently b. 90 percent of patients seek psychiatric treatment c. many go to general practitioners, internists, cardiologists, pulmonary specialists, or gastroenterologists, seeking treatment for the somatic component of the disorder d. all of the above

c. many go to general practitioners, internists, cardiologists, pulmonary specialists, or gastroenterologists, seeking treatment for the somatic component of the disorder

A pervasive and sustained emotion or feeling tone that influences a person’s behavior and colors his or her perception of being in the world Mood Affect Anxiety Obsession

Mood

Patients with only major depressive episodes are said to have major depressive disorder bipolar l disorder bipolar ll disorder all of the above

major depressive disorder

In 1854, Jules Falret described a condition in which patients experience alternating moods of depression and mania folie impose folie circulaire folie a deux none of the above

folie circulaire

According to Kraepelin, the absence of a dementing and deteriorating course in manic-depressive psychosis differentiated it from dementia precox (as schizophrenia was then called) True False

True

For a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder to be made, how long should the depressive episode last At least 1 week At least 2 weeks At least 1 month None of the above

At least 2 weeks

For a diagnosis of Bipolar l Disorder to be made, a manic episode must last At least 1 week At least 2 weeks At least 1 month None of the above

At least 1 week

How many symptoms are needed in order to make a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder? 3 4 5 None of the above

The lifetime prevalence rate for major depression 0-2.4 % 0.3-4.8 % 5-17 % None of the above

5-17 %

The lifetime prevalence rate for Bipolar l disorder 0-2.4 % 0.3-4.8 % 5-17 % None of the above

0-2.4 %

Which of the following statements regarding sex distribution in mood disorders is true? twofold greater prevalence of bipolar disorder in women than in men major depressive disorder has an equal prevalence among men and women Manic episodes are more common in men, and depressive episodes are more common in women d. All of the above

Manic episodes are more common in men, and depressive episodes are more common in women

Mean age of onset for Bipolar l disorder 20 years 30 years 40 years 50 years

30 years

Mean age of onset for major depressive disorder is about 20 years 30 years 40 years 50 years

40 years

Recent epidemiological data suggest that the incidence of major depressive disorder may be increasing among people younger than 20 years of age. This may be related to increased use of alcohol and drugs of abuse hormonal differences effects of childbirth none of the above

increased use of alcohol and drugs of abuse

Major depressive disorder occurs most often in persons without close interpersonal relationships and in those who are divorced or separated True False

True

Bipolar I disorder is more common in divorced and single persons than among married persons, but this difference may reflect the early onset and the resulting marital discord characteristic of the disorder True False

True

The following statements regarding socioeconomic and cultural factors in mood disorder is/are true No correlation has been found between socioeconomic status and major depressive disorder A higher than average incidence of bipolar I disorder is found among the lower socioeconomic groups Bipolar I disorder is more common in persons who graduated from college Depression is more common in urban areas

Depression is more common in urban areas

Most frequent disorders associated with major mood disorders alcohol abuse or dependence panic disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) all of the above

all of the above

The correlation studies between the downregulation or decreased sensitivity of β-adrenergic receptors and clinical antidepressant responses is probably the single most compelling piece of data indicating a direct role for this biogenic amine in depression Dopamine Norepinephrine Serotonin Histamine

Norepinephrine

The biogenic amine neurotransmitter most commonly associated with depression Dopamine Norepinephrine Serotonin Histamine

Serotonin

Other neurotransmitter disturbances in mood disorders involve Acetylcholine. Cholinergic agonists can produce lethargy, anergia, and psychomotor retardation in healthy subjects, exacerbate symptoms in depression, and reduce symptoms in mania True False

True

Increasing evidence also indicates that mood-stabilizing drugs act on G proteins or other second messengers Dopamine Serotonin None of the above

G proteins or other second messengers

Elevated HPA activity is a hallmark of mammalian stress responses and one of the clearest links between depression and the biology of chronic stress True False

True

Depression is associated with a premature loss of deep (slow-wave) sleep and an increase in nocturnal arousal. The combination of increased REM drive and decreased slow-wave sleep results in a significant reduction in the first period of non-REM (NREM) sleep, a phenomenon referred to as Insomnia reduced REM latency hypersomnia none of the above

reduced REM latency

Modern affective neuroscience focuses on the importance of four brain regions in the regulation of normal emotions, EXCEPT prefrontal cortex (PFC) anterior cingulate hippocampus cerebellum

cerebellum

Family data indicate that if one parent has a mood disorder, a child will have a risk of between ________ percent for mood disorder 10 and 25 % 30 and 50 % 50 and 75 % None of the above

10 and 25 %

A family history of bipolar disorder conveys a greater risk for mood disorders in general and, specifically, a much greater risk for bipolar disorder True False

True

Unipolar disorder (major depressive disorder) is typically the most common form of mood disorder in families of bipolar probands True False

True

Concordance rate for mood disorders (unipolar and bipolar disorders combined) in monozygotic (MZ) twins 16 to 35 % 40 to 60 % 70 to 90 % None of the above

70 to 90 %

Concordance rate for mood disorders (unipolar and bipolar disorders combined) in same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twins 16 to 35 % 40 to 60 % 70 to 90 % None of the above

16 to 35 %

DNA markers are segments of DNA of known chromosomal location, which are highly variable among individuals. Chromosomes 18q and 22q are the two regions with strongest evidence for linkage to bipolar disorder True False

True

The most compelling data indicate that the life event most often associated with development of depression is losing a parent before age 11 years the loss of a spouse unemployment all of the above

losing a parent before age 11 years

The environmental stressor most often associated with the onset of an episode of depression is losing a parent before age 11 years the loss of a spouse unemployment all of the above

the loss of a spouse

Persons out of work are three times more likely to report symptoms of an episode of major depression than those who are employed True False

True

The psychodynamic understanding of depression defined by Sigmund Freud and expanded by Karl Abraham is known as the classic view of depression. That theory involves four key points. Among these are disturbances in the infant– mother relationship during the anal phase depression can be linked to real or imagined object loss projection of the departed objects is a defense mechanism invoked to deal with the distress connected with the object’s loss all of the above

depression can be linked to real or imagined object loss

understood depression as involving the expression of aggression toward loved ones, much as Freud did Melanie Klein Edward Bibring Edith Jacobson Heinz Kohut

Melanie Klein

regarded depression as a phenomenon that sets in when a person becomes aware of the discrepancy between extraordinarily high ideals and the inability to meet those goals Melanie Klein Edward Bibring Edith Jacobson Silvano Arieti

Edward Bibring

saw the state of depression as similar to a powerless, helpless child victimized by a tormenting parent Melanie Klein Edward Bibring Edith Jacobson None of the above

Edith Jacobson

observed that many depressed people have lived their lives for someone else rather than for themselves; referred to the person for whom depressed patients live as the dominant other, which may be a principle, an ideal, or an institution, as well as an individual Melanie Klein Edward Bibring Edith Jacobson Silvano Arieti

Silvano Arieti

His conceptualization of depression, derived from his self-psychological theory, rests on the assumption that the developing self has specific needs that must be met by parents to give the child a positive sense of self-esteem and self-cohesion. When others do not meet these needs, there is a massive loss of self-esteem that presents as depression Silvano Arieti Heinz Kohut John Bowlby Edward Bibring

Heinz Kohut

He believed that damaged early attachments and traumatic separation in childhood predispose to depression. Adult losses are said to revive the traumatic childhood loss and so precipitate adult depressive episodes Silvano Arieti Heinz Kohut John Bowlby Edward Bibring

John Bowlby

Most theories of mania view manic episodes as a defense against underlying depression True False

True

According to cognitive theory, depression results from specific cognitive distortions present in persons susceptible to depression. These distortions are cognitive templates that perceive both internal and external data in ways that are altered by early experiences depressogenic schemata hallucinations delusions illusions

depressogenic schemata

This theory of depression connects depressive phenomena to the experience of uncontrollable events Classical Learned helplessness Cognitive None of the above

Learned helplessness

Symptom feature of Major Depressive Disorder characterized by severe anhedonia, early morning awakening, weight loss, and profound feelings of guilt (often over trivial events) With Atypical Features With Melancholic Features With Psychotic Features None of the above

With Melancholic Features

Percentage of patients with Major Depressive Disorder who commit suicide 10 to 15 15 to 20 20 to 30 None of the above

10 to 15

The DSM-5 criteria specify that patients with rapid cycling bipolar l disorder must have at least how many episodes within a 12-month period? 2 1 3 4

Hallmark of a manic episode elevated, expansive, or irritable mood decreased need for sleep flight of ideas increase in goal-directed activity

elevated, expansive, or irritable mood

Which of the following distinguishes Bipolar ll from Bipolar l Disorder hypomanic episodes major depressive episodes obsessive-compulsive symptoms none of the above

hypomanic episodes

As to general description, the most common symptom of depression generalized psychomotor retardation hand wringing hair pulling none of the above

generalized psychomotor retardation

A peculiar triangle-shaped fold in the nasal corner of the upper eyelid often associated with depression Veraguth’s fold Freud’s fold Klein’s fold None of the above

Veraguth’s fold

About 50 to 75 percent of all depressed patients have a cognitive impairment, sometimes referred to as Subcortical dementia Depressive pseudodementia Alzheimer’s Disease Huntington's Disease

Depressive pseudodementia

An untreated depressive episode lasts 1 to 3 months 3 to 5 months 6 to 13 months None of the above

6 to 13 months

An untreated manic episode lasts about 1 week 1 month 3 months None of the above

3 months

Bipolar I disorder most often starts with depression True False

True

Most patients experience both depressive and manic episodes, although 10 to 20 percent experience only manic episodes True False

True

percentage of patients with an initial diagnosis of major depressive disorder who develop a manic episode ( usually 6 to 10 years after the first depressive episode) 5 to 10 percent 15 to 20 percent 25 to 30 percent none of the above

5 to 10 percent

Characteristics of Anxiety an alerting signal warns of impending danger enables a person to take measures to deal with a threat all of the above

all of the above

Fear is a response to a threat that is known internal vague conflictual

known

Anxiety is a response to a threat that is known external definite conflictual

conflictual

Peripheral manifestation of anxiety feeling of impending doom fear of "going crazy" palpitations fear of dying

palpitations

2nd bm Flashcards

(100 cards)