2-Asepsis and Infection Control (ch 27)

Question 1

Infection

Answer 1

disease state that results from the presence of pathogens

Question 2

pathogen

Answer 2

disease producing microorganisms

Question 3

infection occurs as a result of cyclic process consisting of?

Answer 3

infectious agent
reservoir
portal of exit
means of transmission
portals of entry
susceptible host

Question 4

Bacteria

Answer 4

Spherical (cocci)
bacilli (rod)
spirochetes (spiral)
gram positive: thick cell wall that resist decolorization and stains violet
gram negative: chemically complex cell wall that does no decolorize
aerobic: needs oxygen to live and grow
anaerobic: live without oxygen

Question 5

virus

Answer 5

smallest microorganism
seen with electron microscope
antibiotics have no effect of viruses

Question 6

Fungi

Answer 6

plant like organisms ( yeast and molds) can cause infection from air, soil, water

Question 7

Organism’s potential to produce a disease in a person depends on a variety of factors

Answer 7

• number of organisms
• virulence of organisms (ability to cause disease),
• competence of person’s immune system
• length and intimacy of the contact between person and the microorganisms

Question 8

endemic

Answer 8

occurs with the predictability in one specific region or population.

Question 9

reservoir

Answer 9

natural habitat of the organism.
Ex: people, animals, soil (gas gangrene & tetanus), food (e-coli), water (giardia, E-coli, shigella) ,milk (listeria), inanimate objects/fomites (influenza)

Question 10

Portal of Exit

Answer 10

point of escape for the organism from the reservoir.

Respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, breaks in the skin

Question 11

Vectors

Answer 11

non-human carriers Mosquitos, ticks, lice -that transmit organisms from one host to another by injecting salivary fluid.

Question 12

the entry route into the new host often is the same as?

Answer 12

the exit route from the prior reservoir

Question 13

Stages of infection

Answer 13

INCUBATION - time between invasion and symptoms. Organism growing and multiplying.
PRODROMAL- most infectious, vague symptoms, last hours to days
FULL STAGE- specific signs and symptoms, localized or systemic symptoms.
CONVALESCENT- recovery

Question 14

Incubation period

Answer 14

interval between the pathogen’s invasion of the body and the appearance of symptoms of infection. during this stage, organisms are growing and multiplying

Question 15

prodromal stage

Answer 15

early signs and symptoms are present
person is most infectious in this stage
can last from several hours to days

Question 16

convalescent period

Answer 16

recovery period from infection

Question 17

Localized infection

Answer 17

redness, swelling, warmth in involved aread, pain or tenderness, and loss of function of affected part

Question 18

Systemic infection

Answer 18

fever, increase pulse and respirations, lethargy, anorexia, tenderness and enlargement of lymph nodes

Question 19

Potential for infection or the presence of an infection in a patient suggest?

Answer 19

Nursing diagnosis

Question 20

practice of asepis

Answer 20

all activities to prevent infection or break the chain of infection

Question 21

Medical asepis

Answer 21

clean technique: involves procedures and practices that reduce the number and transfer of microorganisms

Question 22

Surgical asepsis

Answer 22

sterile technique: practices used to render and keep objects and areas free from microorganisms

Question 23

two types of bacteria normally found on hands

Answer 23

transient and resident

Question 24

Endogenous

Answer 24

occurs when the causative organism comes from microbial life harbored in the person

Question 25

exogenous

Answer 25

causative organism is acquired from other people

Question 26

Nonsocomial

Answer 26

indicate something originating or taking place in a hospital

Question 27

iatrogenic

Answer 27

results from a treatment or diagnostic procedure

Question 28

Inflammatory response

Answer 28

Protective mechanism that eliminates invading pathogens and allows tissue to repair

Question 29

The cardinal signs of acute infection

Answer 29

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function

Question 30

During inflammatory response, initially, in the vascular stage, small blood vessels?

Answer 30

Constrict in the area followed by vasodilation of arterioles and venules that supply the area

Question 31

During inflammatory response, during vascular stage, histamine a are released which causes?

Answer 31

Increased permeability of vessels, which allows protein rich fluid to flood the area

Question 32

Exudate

Answer 32

Composed of fluid,cells, inflammatory by products

Question 33

What happens in the cellular stage of the inflammatory response?

Answer 33

Leukocytes move to the area, neutrophils engulf the organism and consume cell debris and foreign material, exudate is released from wound

Question 34

Immune response

Answer 34

Specific body responses to an invading foreign protein,

Question 35

Antigen- antibody reaction is also called?

Answer 35

Humoral immunity

Question 36

The extent of nursing intervention depends on?

Answer 36

Susceptibility of the host, virulence of the organism, patients sign and symptoms

Question 37

Nursing assessment includes?

Answer 37

Immunization status, previous or reoccurring infections, non verbal cues, signs and symptoms of systemic infection

Question 38

Factors to poor compliance with hand hygiene

Answer 38

Lack of access to sinks Lack of time Skin irritation Ignorance about the importance of hand hygiene Individual preferences and habits Insufficient institutional commitment to appropriate hand hygiene procedures

Question 39

Cardinal signs of acute infections

Answer 39

``` (Usually appear at the site of injury or inflammation) Redness Heat Swelling Pain Loss of function ```