2 - Biology and Development

Question 1

define multisensory perception

Answer 1

processing sensory information from many senses

Question 2

what can boys maturing earlier lead to

Answer 2

more risk-taking bhvrs, aggression, delinquency, better body image

Question 3

what can girls maturing earlier lead to

Answer 3

depression, eating disorders, fewer friends, substance taking

Question 4

define gestation

Answer 4

entire period of deveopment in the uterus

Question 5

when does an embryo form

Answer 5

2 weeks after implantation

Question 6

when do the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm form by

Answer 6

day 26

Question 7

when do heartbeat and facial features appear

Answer 7

by week 9

Question 8

what happens week 22 onwards

Answer 8

age of viability where physical systems advanced enough to survive premature birth

Question 9

what happens by 28 weeks

Answer 9

lungs develop fully

Question 10

what are homeobox genes

Answer 10

encode homeodomain proteins regulating genetic switches affecting general structure and body parts organisation

Question 11

what’s special about homeobox genes

Answer 11

highly specific, result in species-specific characteristics, but homeobox highly conserved interspecifically

Question 12

why do functions like reflexes and voluntary motion develop last

Answer 12

they would inhibit earlier developing functions

Question 13

what gets pruned over development and why

Answer 13

brain structures so only essential and used neural pathways stay

Question 14

what 4 types of neuron development occur

Answer 14

proliferation
migration
consolidation
myelination

Question 15

define proliferation

Answer 15

prenatally, neurogenesis occurs but some also created after birth

Question 16

define migration

Answer 16

new nerve cells born in centre move outward, mostly prenatally

Question 17

define consolidation

Answer 17

synaptic pruning and apoptosis

Question 18

what is white matter

Answer 18

axons forming connections w grey matters

Question 19

what’s grey matter

Answer 19

neuronal cell bodies

Question 20

what is visual development like in the womb

Answer 20

can distinguish visual, not as well as other senses as relatively less light exposure

Question 21

what is visual acuity like after birth

Answer 21

poor, jerky movements, some visual discrimination of angles

Question 22

between 0-2m what do babies prefer

Answer 22

moving faces and stationary faces afterwards

Question 23

before birth what is auditory development like

Answer 23

can discriminate sounds and remember outside ones

Question 24

what is hearing like after birth

Answer 24

can differentiate btwn wide sound range, prefer mother’s voice over human voices over other sounds, can locate sounds + distance and direction

Question 25

what's motor development like afer birth

Answer 25

can orientate to tactile stimuli

Question 26

what's tactile development like after birth

Answer 26

sensitive to +/-ive touch, learn tactile info, can discriminate objects by touch from 1 year

Question 27

what's olfactory/gustatory development like after birth

Answer 27

can discriminate btwn pleasant and aversive, and can learn to like depending on what they're exposed to

Question 28

define crossmodal perception

Answer 28

integration of sensory info from more than one modality

Question 29

define proprioception

Answer 29

sensory input from muscles ab how body is arranged

Question 30

reflexes from birth aiding survival which have evolved act as what

Answer 30

building blocks to develop more complicated interactions w the environment to perform new bhvrs

Question 31

when do reflexes disappear by

Answer 31

most by 2 months,, but within a year

Question 32

what type of shaped development does sensorimotor development have

Answer 32

U shape since cortical regions developing, inhibiting subcortical regions which initially have control before taking over

Question 33

what cortices develop last

Answer 33

PFC after visual cortex

Question 34

in what directions does the embryo mature

Answer 34

cephalon-caudal and proximal-distal

Question 35

what also affects snesorimotor bhvr development

Answer 35

environmental factors | culture: paying special physical attention helps achieve motor milestones earlier

Question 36

define prereaching

Answer 36

hand directed in the object the baby looks at

Question 37

when does the stepping reflex disappear then reappear

Answer 37

2 months then after 6 months since legs become too heavy for developing motor system

Question 38

why do infants develop a fear of heights

Answer 38

depth perception

Question 39

how do genes and the environment affect puberty timing

Answer 39

if same-sex parent matured earlier, one will too | closer parent-child rlps mean later maturation as stress may cause earlier development

Question 40

what do environments trigger

Answer 40

genes to switch on, affecting how they're expressed, causing genetic and env changes

Question 41

what do env repressors do

Answer 41

switch genes off

Question 42

define calaisation

Answer 42

epigenetic restriction to a small number of developmental outcomes and epigenetic regulation increasing cell specialisation

Question 43

what does a low reaction range mean for canalisation

Answer 43

it's stronger

Question 44

define epigenetics

Answer 44

regulates how DNA is utilised in different cells at different times, precisely timing changing so they occur in correct developmental time frames

Question 45

evocative and active GxE are the same as what

Answer 45

child affect and parent affect models respectively

Question 46

how has thalidomide caused prenatal effects

Answer 46

stunted limb growth by interfering w gene activity regulating limb growth and/or homeobox gene signal timings

Question 47

zika virus leads to what

Answer 47

microcephaly

Question 48

what things cause prental atypical growth

Answer 48

hormones, parity, FAS, illegal drugs, late gestation

Question 49

what parental factors act as teratogens

Answer 49

mother's age (older=chromosomal abnormality higher chance) teen mothers (immature reproductive systems), emotional stress, malnutriiton

Question 50

postnatal teratogens

Answer 50

alcohol, drugs, infectious diseases, parental love, nutrition

Question 51

define pleitropy

Answer 51

one gene influencing multiple traits

Question 52

define polygenic

Answer 52

trait being determines by many genes

Question 53

define genetically heterogenous

Answer 53

different genes cause same trait in different ppl by themselves

Question 54

define range of reaction

Answer 54

heredity establishes range of possible development outcomes occurring in response to diff envs

Question 55

how do genes affect sexual maturation

Answer 55

triggers hormone release from pituitary gland for gonads/adrenal cortex to trigger development of primary and secondary sex characteristics

Question 56

oestrogen, progesterone, and testosterone do what

Answer 56

O: mature female reproductivity system T: matures male RS P: regulates menstrual cycle

Question 57

how can breastfeeding nutrition aid development

Answer 57

has all nutrients to aid NS and immune system development, higher IQ< denser bones, less disease-suscpetibility

Question 58

how does proper nutrition help children

Answer 58

control diseases, aids physical and intellectual development, catch-up growth after malnutrition

Question 59

what 3 other env factors affect growth

Answer 59

psychological and physical disorders climate country's development

Question 60

how does the country's development affect infant development

Answer 60

SE conditions affect living conditions, and so growth conditions

Question 61

heredity equation (H2)

Answer 61

2 * (rMZ-rDZ)

Question 62

+ of twin studies

Answer 62

estimate relative contribution of genes vs the environment in explaining intraspecific trait variations

Question 63

- of twin studies

Answer 63

can't tell us about the importance of the GxE interaction or GxE correlation