4 - Gender Identities and Paraphilia Flashcards
(25 cards)
define gender
inherent sense of being man/woman/etc. which may/not correspond with birth gender and primary/secondary characteristics
define sex
defined by embryonic development and can be defined in many ways - is universal
what two ways can sex be defined
chromosomal - female/male/intersex
natal - assigned at birth by looking at genitals
define primary sexual characteristics
reproductive system
define secondary sex characteristics
not born with them but develop at puberty
define transgender
being a gender discordant w assigned birth sex
what is gender non-conformation
more inclusive, don’t need to be trans to identify as such
define gender identity
category of gender one most strongly identifies with (cis. trans, etc.)
gender identity is different to
gender role, gender expression, sexual orientation
define gender typing
children acquirting values, motives, bhvrs considered appropriate for their gender in their culture
define gender role
bhvrs appropriate to gender defined by culture, reflecting stereotypes
define gender expression
how they express gender, e.g. dress sense
what makes gender complex on a bio-psycho-social level
multiple genetic factors interact w env during GI development
parents’ acceptance affects what but not what
influences a positive or negative experience, but not gender
how do prenatal hormones affect gender role bhvrs
gender non-conformers exposed to more testosterone in-utero or have androgen insensitivity sydrome
how can hormones affect bhvr
androgens lead to masculine bhvr even in females and determine brain organisation in critical periods leading to gender differences
how is brain structure affected w gender identity development
trans have brain structure and activity relatively more similar to gender identity
how can fraternal birth order affect GID
more older brothers assoc w trans woman identification as in utero env more immunised to male androgens
heritability of GID
11-70%
children pick up what about parents’ bhvrs
they bhve differently to each gender, fathers more masculine w boys and gentle w girls, mothers treat similarly
gender dysphoria is associated with
psychopathology, e.g. anxiety, possibly due to social stigma or minority stress
how can school influence gender
single-sex reinforcing stereotypes or set up favouring girls as dislike independent/boisterous kids, qualities encouraged in boys
how does culture from birth influnce gender
behave in gender-consistent ways, e.g. through toys
cultures have gender appropriate bhvrs which are defined as what
bhvrs ppl thinkn are typical or socially normative for their culture
