Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL 1115 > 2 Carbs And Lipids > Flashcards

2 Carbs And Lipids Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Sugars and polymers of sugars

Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the monomers of carbohydrates called?

A

Monosaccharides

Also known as single sugars.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the types of carbohydrate polymers.

A
  • Disaccharides
  • Oligosaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What elements do all carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the chemical formula pattern for most monosaccharides?

A

Multiples of CH2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What functional groups are present in monosaccharides?

A
  • Carbonyl group
  • Hydroxyl groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do monosaccharides typically exist in aqueous solutions?

A

In ring forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the process by which monosaccharides polymerize?

A

Dehydration reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are glycosidic linkages?

A

Covalent bonds formed between monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two sugars linked together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What defines simple carbohydrates?

A

Disaccharides and monosaccharides together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is lactose composed of?

A

Glucose + galactose

Linked by a β-1,4-linkage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the result of lactose intolerance?

A

Insufficient lactase production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are oligosaccharides typically composed of?

A

3-10 monosaccharide residues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What role do oligosaccharides play in cells?

A

Indicate cell identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are polysaccharides made of?

A

Hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide residues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List the functions of polysaccharides.

A
  • Energy storage
  • Structural support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do plants store sugar as?

A

Starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do animals store sugar as?

A

Glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is chitin?

A

A structural polysaccharide found in fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

A modified polysaccharide in bacterial cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What makes β-1,4-glycosidic linkages difficult to hydrolyze?

A

Most organisms lack the necessary enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are lipids characterized by?

A

Being partially hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the primary composition of lipids?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but less oxygen than carbohydrates
26
What are fatty acids made of?
Long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group
27
What distinguishes saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated have no double bonds; unsaturated have one or more double bonds
28
What is a triglyceride?
A fat formed by joining three fatty acids to a glycerol
29
What are the functions of fats?
* Insulation * Cushioning/protection of organs * Energy storage
30
What are phospholipids composed of?
* Two fatty acids * A phosphate group attached to glycerol
31
What is the structure of steroids?
Carbon skeletons forming four fused rings
32
What is the main component of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer
33
What does selectively permeable mean?
Some substances can cross the plasma membrane more easily than others
34
What is passive transport?
Movement of substances across the plasma membrane without energy
35
Define osmosis.
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
36
What is tonicity?
Ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
37
What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?
They shrink
38
What is active transport?
Movement of solutes against their concentration gradients requiring energy
39
What is plasmolysis?
The process where cells lose water in a hypertonic solution ## Footnote Often observed in plant cells, causing them to shrink away from the cell wall.
40
What happens to Elodea cells in a hypotonic solution?
They swell and may burst due to water influx ## Footnote This is a result of osmotic pressure.
41
What happens to Elodea cells in a hypertonic solution?
They undergo plasmolysis and shrink ## Footnote This occurs when water leaves the cells.
42
What is active transport?
The movement of solutes against their concentration gradients requiring energy ## Footnote Involves specific transporter proteins in the plasma membrane.
43
What are the two types of active transport?
* Primary active transport * Secondary active transport
44
What is primary active transport?
Transport that requires direct input of chemical energy, such as ATP ## Footnote Example: Na+/K+ ATPase.
45
What is secondary active transport?
Transport driven by the electrochemical gradient created by primary active transport ## Footnote Uses the gradient of one solute to move another solute.
46
List the types of carbohydrates.
* Monosaccharides * Disaccharides * Oligosaccharides * Polysaccharides
47
What are the three ways monosaccharide structure can vary?
* Chemical formula * Classification as an aldose or ketose sugar * Classification as triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, or heptose
48
What do α and β configurations refer to?
They refer to the anomeric carbon orientation in the ring form of monosaccharides ## Footnote α configuration has the hydroxyl group down; β has it up.
49
What is a glycosidic linkage?
A bond formed between two monosaccharides during carbohydrate formation ## Footnote Its type influences the properties of polysaccharides.
50
How do oligosaccharides act as cell identification tags?
They help in cell recognition and signaling ## Footnote Example: blood group antigens.
51
Characterize the structure and function of fats.
Fats are composed of glycerol and fatty acids, serving as energy storage ## Footnote Saturated fats are solid at room temperature; unsaturated fats are liquid.
52
What distinguishes saturated from unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds; unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds ## Footnote This affects the melting point and function of fats.
53
How are the structure and function of phospholipids related?
Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, forming bilayers in membranes ## Footnote This structure is crucial for membrane fluidity and integrity.
54
What characterizes lipid bilayers?
Two layers of phospholipids with hydrophobic tails inward and hydrophilic heads outward ## Footnote Essential for forming cellular membranes.
55
What are the functions of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
Cholesterol stabilizes membrane fluidity and integrity ## Footnote It prevents the membrane from becoming too rigid or too fluid.
56
What influences membrane fluidity?
* Temperature * Membrane composition
57
Distinguish between peripheral, integral, and transmembrane proteins.
* Peripheral proteins: attached to the membrane surface * Integral proteins: embedded in the membrane * Transmembrane proteins: span the membrane completely
58
What is the difference between protein channels and transporter proteins?
Protein channels allow passive movement of molecules; transporter proteins can facilitate active or passive transport ## Footnote Channels typically form pores in the membrane.
59
Compare osmosis, simple diffusion, and facilitated diffusion.
* Osmosis: movement of water across a semipermeable membrane * Simple diffusion: movement of small nonpolar molecules * Facilitated diffusion: movement of molecules via transport proteins
60
Compare passive and active transport.
* Passive transport: does not require energy * Active transport: requires energy input
61
Compare primary and secondary active transport.
* Primary active transport: directly uses ATP * Secondary active transport: uses gradients established by primary transport
62
Distinguish between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.
* Hypertonic: higher solute concentration outside the cell * Hypotonic: lower solute concentration outside the cell * Isotonic: equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell
63
What is the movement of water by osmosis in a hypertonic solution?
Water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink ## Footnote This results in plasmolysis for plant cells.

BIOL 1115 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions