2 Proteins And Nucleic Acids

Question 1

Define macromolecules

Answer 1

Large molecule that contains a very large number of atoms covalently bonded to one another

Question 2

What classes of macromolecules exists as polymers

Answer 2

Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates

Question 3

Define polymer

Answer 3

Macromolecule made up of smaller subunits called monomers

Question 4

Which process makes polymer

Answer 4

Through a process called polymerisation or dehydration synthesis.

Question 5

What are the monomers of proteins

Answer 5

Amino acids

Question 6

Which process breaks apart polymers into monomers?

Answer 6

Hydrolysis

Question 7

What do amino acids contain

Answer 7

Amino group and carboxyl group

Question 8

When amino acids form what happens?

Answer 8

Amino gains a proton NH3+
Carboxyl group loses a proton COO-

Question 9

What differs in each amino acid

Answer 9

R groups/ side chains

Question 10

How many types of amino acids are there

Answer 10

20 amino acids

Question 11

What are charged R groups

Answer 11

They are hydrophilic and might be acidic or basic

Question 12

What are polar R groups

Answer 12

They are hydrophilic and form hydrogen bonds with water

Question 13

What are non-polar R groups

Answer 13

They are hydrophobic and do not interact with water

Question 14

What is C-N bond in amino acids

Answer 14

Peptide bond

Question 15

What are the properties of a peptide bond

Answer 15

They are very stable due to interactions between oxygen on the carboxyl end and the nitrogen on the amino end

Question 16

What is a oligopeptide

Answer 16

Polymer less than 50 amino acids

Question 17

What is polypeptide

Answer 17

Polymer more than 50 amino acids

Question 18

What gives secondary structure its unique shape

Answer 18

Partial positive charges on hydrogens from amino groups and partial negative charges on oxygen from carboxyl groups

Question 19

What gives tertiary structure its shape

Answer 19

Interactions with R groups or R groups and and the backbone

Question 20

What gives a quaternary structure its shapes

Answer 20

When two or more folded polypeptide chains come together to form one functional macromolecule

Question 21

What are 7 things protein does in our body

Answer 21

Structural (silky hair, tendons)
Contractile (actin, myosin)
Storage (ovalbumin)
Defensive (antibodies)
Transport (hemoglobin)
Signaling proteins (hormones)
Enzymes

Question 22

Define enzymes

Answer 22

Proteins that are a chemical catalyst that changes the rate of chemical reaction by not changing their own chemical properties.

Question 23

What is the 3 main types if nucleic acids

Answer 23

DNA
RNA
ATP

Question 24

What are the monomers of nucleic acids

Answer 24

Nucleotides

Question 25

What are the components of a nucleotide

Answer 25

- nitrogenous base - Pentose (5-carbon ) sugar -phosphate group

Question 26

What happens during polymerisation of polynucleotides (making of dna and rna_

Answer 26

During dehydration synthesis a covalent bond will form with -OH group on the 3’end of the nucleotide and phosphate group on 5’end of the nucleotide

Question 27

What is the name of bond that happens between -OH and a phosphate group

Answer 27

Phosphodiester bond

Question 28

What are the ends in the polynucleotide

Answer 28

3’ end is the one that terminates sugar 5’ end is the one that terminates phosphate group

Question 29

What happens if a purine purine bond

Answer 29

Not enough space

Question 30

What is pyrimidine and pyrimidine bond

Answer 30

Too much space

Question 31

In what way does the double helix run

Answer 31

Anti parallel

Question 32

What are the major types of RNA

Answer 32

Messenger RNA - mRNA Ribosomal RNA - rRNA Transfer RNA - tRNA

Question 33

What kind of structure does RNA have

Answer 33

Hairpin, since it forms complimentary bases on the same strand of RNA

Question 34

Differences DNA and RNA in tertiary structure

Answer 34

DNA: Double helix forms compact structures by wrapping around proteins RNA: secondary structure fold to form wide variety of distinctive three-dimensional shapes