2 Introduction Flashcards
(46 cards)
What are the levels of organization
Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Multicellular organism
Population
Community
Ecosystems
Biosphere
What are the 5 fundamental characteristics of life
Cells: living organisms are made of membrane-bound units called cells
Reproduction: the dream of a bacterium is to become two bacteria
Evolution: organisms are products of evolution, and populations continue to evolve today
Information : organisms possess hereditary information encoded in genes, and can respond to information from the environment in to
What are the 3 fundamental scientific theories we believe in?
- cell theory
- theory of evolution by natural selection
- chromosome theory of inheritance
What are the two types of data we base life on
Experimental and observational
What is a scientific theory
It’’s a explanation supported by scientific evidence
What are the 5 steps of the scientific method
Observations
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Test
What is a good hypothesis
A testable statement that may be either rejected or supported
What is a prediction
A measurable and observation results that you expect to see from an experiment/future observations if your hypothesis is valid
Hypothesis vs theory
A hypothesis is an “educated guess” initially made before any research is completed, that may be tested over and over again use different experiments and different sets of predictions. If a hypothesis is extensively tested and continues to be supported, it may become a theory or part of a theory.
What is the cell theory
Theory that proposes that all organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from pre-existing cells
What is a cell?
A high organized, membrane-bound compartment. It has the ability to store and transmit information
What is a prokaryotic cell
- simple (no internal organization, no nucleus, or membrane-bound organelles)
-typically smaller than eukaryotic cells
What is a eukaryotic cells
- more complex (contain membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus
How did cell theory come to be?
Observations first indicated that all organisms are made of cells in the 1600’s. Robert Hooke observed cells in oak tee wood. Antoine van Leeuwenhoeak observed single cells using light microscopy
What experiment data proved cell theory was correct ?
Experiment data showed that all cells come from pre-existing cells. Pasteur experiment with the shape of neck of a flask
What does the theory of evolution by natural selection state?
Proposes that all species have arisen from a common ancestry due to “descent with modification”, where modification are due to natural selection
Who proposed the idea of natural selection and how did it come to be?
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace independent arrived at similar ideas, they co-published on them 1858 however Darwin is more “popular” because of his book “on the origins of species by means of natural selection”
Define species
A distinct, identifiable group of organisms
Define population
A group of individuals of the same species, living in the same area, at the same time
Define fitness
Ability of an individual to produce offspring in a given environment (higher fitness leads to more surviving offspring, more genes passed on to next generation)
Define adaptation
Trait that increases fitness of an individual in a particular environment
Define evolution
Changes in traits expressed in a population, over multiple generations
What are the two main hypothesis Darwin and Wallace agreed on? What did they call this?
-species are descended from a common ancestor
- species can be modified from generations to generation
It’s called descent with modification
What are the two required conditions for an organism to evolve
- individuals within a population must vary in characteristics that are heritable
- certain versions of these traits must increase the fitness of certain individuals over that of other indivuals either by allowing them to survive longer or reproduce more quickly
