2: concepts of health and challenges Flashcards
(24 cards)
what is health?
state of physical, biological, mental, social and cultural wellbeing (not just the absence of disease)
how does animal health impact humans and their health?
- costs (vets)
- food safety
- zoonoses
how do you safeguard animal health?
- monitor diseases
- observe behaviour deviations
-> diagnose early (less cost down the line)
name four challenges to health and causes
- physical: external factors, fighting, falling
- microbial: infection, infestation
- metabolic: diet, poison, allergy
- psychological: stress, delight, fear, anxiety
how do you resist challenges to health caused by injuries?
pain receptors allow for organisms to learn to avoid hazards
howdoes the body resist entry to pathogens causing infection/infestation?
barriers to entry (skin, hair, etc.), maintaining hygiene
how does an organism fight infection and repair damage?
immune system and gut + tissue and wound healing
how does domestication increase challenges to health?
crowd mixing, stress, faults caused by selective breeding, high production levels, barren environments, artificial feeding
how to prevent infection caused by contaminated air?
site selection: distance from other people and animals that could beinfectious
how to prevent infection caused by contaminated food?
limit animal products in food, hygiene
how to prevent infection caused by contaminated water?
running, fresh, clean water
how to prevent infection caused by infected materials?
clean bedding, monitor vehicles and visitors to farm
how to prevent infection caused by infected animals?
closed herds in fenced environments, limited and controlled wildlife contact
where does the skin start and end?
starts at the oral cavity, ends at the anal cavity
what does the skin protect from?
mechanical injury, pathogen invasion, desiccation (extreme dryness), toxic substance absorption, radiation
what can the skin sense?
hot, cold, pain
what are two challenges to the skins integrity and examples of these?
- physical: scratches, bruises, cuts, sores, ulcers etc
- thermal: burns, frostbite
what are two types of responses to trauma to the skin?
- defensive: inflammatory response (local defense reaction by immune)
- reparative: renews integrity of surface, excess fibrous tissue -> scar
name the three phases of wound healing and their subphases
- inflammatory phase
a) haemostasis
b) inflammation - proliferation phase
a) granulation
b) contraction
c) epithelisation - maturation/remodelling phase
what occurs during haemostasis (a) of the inflammatory phase (1)?
blood vessels sealed to stop further blood loss
- underlying collagen is exposed, this attracts platelets which adhere
- serotonin and other agents are liberated
-> temporary plug of platelets is formed
- Factor XII in blood activated by collagen exposure -> factor VIII, IX, X, XI,
- factor X + V + Ca + platelet lipids catalyse prothrombin to thrombin -> thrombin catalyses fibrinogen to fibrin
what occurs during inflammation (b) of the inflammatory phase (1)?
cleans wounds of debris
- platelets excrete release factors (TGF-β) -> attracts white blood cells (WBCs)
- WBCs remove debris from wound + release growth factors attracting fibroblasts
- WBCs ingest haemoglobin from RBCs and convert to other compounds
what occurs during granulation (a) of the proliferative phase (1)?
building new tissue
- fibroblasts synthesize collagen
- cavity slowly filled by tissue growing upwards from depths -> granulation tissue contains: leucocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells (inner lining of blood vessels)
what occurs during the contraction (b) and epithelisation (c)?
- wound edges pull together
- new epithelium grows across new surface -> re-establishes integrity
what occurs during the maturation/remodelling phase?
- new collagen forms to increase tensile strength (Zugfestigkeit)
- scar tissue is 80% as strong ass original tissue
