2. Foot Overview

Question 1

type of joint at ankle?

Answer 1

compound joint - w/ 3 or more articulation surfaces

(incl. fibula, tibia, and talus)

Question 2

why is the ankle/ talocrural joint also referred to as mortise?

Answer 2

bc it is roughtly 4-sided

Question 3

fxn of ankle/talocrural joint?

Answer 3

bridge b/w lower leg and foot

Question 4

3 segments of foot; & contents of each

Answer 4

1. forefoot: phalanges and metatarsals
2. midfoot: tarsals (except talus/calcaneus)
3. rearfoot: talus and calcaneus bones

Question 5

name the 3 arches of the foot

Answer 5

1. medial longitudinal arch
2. lateral longitudinal arch
3. transverse arch

Question 6

medial longitudinal arch:

contents; summit

Answer 6

• 1st metatarsal to the calcaneus
• summit: navicular

(aka Arch of the foot)

Question 7

lateral longitudinal arch:

contents; summit

Answer 7

• calcaneus on lateral side –> 5th metatarsal
• summit: cuboid

Question 8

transverse arch

contents, summit

Answer 8

• 1st to 5th metatarsal
• summit: intermediate cuneiform

Question 9

what is synonymous with the following surfaces?

1. superior
2. inferior
3. posterior
4. anterior

Answer 9

1. superior –> dorsal
2. inferior –> plantar
3. posterior –> proximal
4. anterior –> distal

Question 10

clinical significance of talus

Answer 10

no muscles attach to talus

Question 11

what’s special about the navicular?

Answer 11

can articulate w/ all of the tarsals (but doesn’t always); could articulate w/ calcaneus

Question 12

what tendon goes through the peroneal notch on the cuboid?

Answer 12

• Peroneal notch conveys the fibularis longus tendon;
• Which we’ve seen in the lateral surface of the calcaneus (runs under the peroneal trochlea)

Question 13

other names for calcaneal process

(on cuboid)

Answer 13

beak of cuboid;

coronoid process

Question 14

which 2 metatarsals articulat w/ anterior surface of cuboid?

Answer 14

4th and 5th MT

Question 15

what is special about the medial cuneiform?

Answer 15

• more narrow on dorsum (superior), and wider on plantar aspect (the other cuneiforms are opposite)
• looks like a kidney on apex/crest

Question 16

what is the shape of the LATERAL facet of the medial cuneiform?

Answer 16

• LATERAL looks like “L” shaped facet –> articulates w/ intermediate cuneiform

Question 17

what’s the shape and articulation of the posterior/proximal facet of the medial cuneiform?

Answer 17

POSTERIOR looks like tear drop –> articulates w/ navicular

Question 18

what’s special about the intermediate cuneiform?

Answer 18

it’s the smallest of the cuneiforms

Question 19

shape and articulation of facet on medial surface of intermediate cuneiform?

Answer 19

L-shaped facet on medial surface –> articulates with medial cuneiform

Question 20

what do the flat and curved surfaces of the intermediate cuneiform articulate with?

Answer 20

• flat –> articulates w/ second metatarsal
• curved –> for navicular

Question 21

what’s special about the lateral cuneiform?

Answer 21

it articulates w/ the most metatarsals (2nd, 3rd, and 4th)

the dorsum is wider, and narrow and forms a crest

Question 22

which facets are found on the lateral surface of the lateral cuneiform?

Answer 22

circular facet for the cuboid

and facets for the 4th MT and 3rd MT

Question 23

3 key segments of a typical metatarsal?

Answer 23

• head - rounded articular surface; for proximal phalanx
• shaft
• base - square or triangular; widened area =base; bears articular facets for other MTs and some tarsals

Question 24

which MT is commonly longest?

Answer 24

MT 2

Question 25

which MT is usually shortest and largest?

Answer 25

MT 1

Question 26

which 2 MTs are similar in length?

Answer 26

3rd and 4th, though latter is usually shorter

Question 27

what is unique about MT 5?

Answer 27

has tuberosity at base on lateral side (styloid process) very elongated and pyramidal

Question 28

why is MT 1 the longest?

Answer 28

the first ray (MT) is used for toe-off, and sometimes bears twice as much weight during locomation as any of the other MTs

Question 29

3 classes of phalanges?

Answer 29

1. distal 2. intermediate/middle 3. proximal

Question 30

as you proceed from 1st set of phalanges --\> 5th set, what do you observe?

Answer 30

size decrease laterally

Question 31

other names for **head** of phalanx; why?

Answer 31

* for proximal and middle phalanges --\> called **TROCHLEA** * for distal phalanges --\> called **TUBEROSITY (bc it's terminal)**

Question 32

what does the base of a phalanx articulate with?

Answer 32

can attach w/ metatarsal if it's the proximal phalanx (if not, it articulates w/ other phalanges)

Question 33

which toe only has 2 phalanges?

Answer 33

1st toe | (proximal and distal phalanges)