2 Lecture 3

Question 1

a brief overview of the first law of thermodynamics

Answer 1

1— states that energy can be neither created or destroyed
energy can change forms, and energy can flow from one place to another
a particular consequence of the law of conservation of energy is that the total energy of an isolated system does not change

Question 2

Types of Energy

Answer 2

kinetic potential (stored energy, energy that could do work)
mass, gravity, speed
elastic 
chemical
e.g. chemical binds, ATP 
radiant 
e.g. sunlight, photosynthesis
thermal 
e.g. sunlight, thermal regulation 
the sum of Energy (Etotal) = KEsystem (kinectic energy) + PEsystem (potential energy) = Usystem (microscopic energy)

Question 3

what is Energy Transfer

Answer 3

the transfer of energy is described as work and heat

Question 4

what requires energy transfer

Answer 4

everything

forming a bond requires energy transfer
breaking a bond requires energy transfer

Question 5

what is joule

Answer 5

is the amount of heat required to raise the temp. of 1 gram of water by 0.24 degree C

Question 6

what is A calorie

Answer 6

is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.

Unit of energy represented on food labels
Calories are consumed by cells to do work
Extra calories can be stored as fat

Question 7

what is Metabolic rate:

Answer 7

the rate at which the body uses energy

Question 8

what is Basal Metabolic Rate or BMR

Answer 8

represents the resting energy of an awake, resting but alert person

Question 9

Metabolic rate is influenced by many factors such as

Answer 9

Body weight, sex, exercise, genetic makeup, age, and nutritional status

Question 10

what do calories turn into?

Answer 10

heat to keep you warm, molecules thatch be used to build other molecules, chemical bonds, all kinds of things, everything turns into everything, energy turns to energy

Question 11

what is Metabolism:

Answer 11

all chemical reactions occurring in the body

Question 12

what are Enzymes

Answer 12

are proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions in the cell

Question 13

how do Enzymes work

Answer 13

by lowering the activation energy (aka energy barrier) needed for a reaction

Question 14

what is an energy barrier

Answer 14

in order to change shape, protein needs energy (a certain amount of energy) and if it doesn’t have that energy it won’t be able to change shape)

Question 15

what is a reaction

Answer 15

Substrates are the substances being catalyzed
the active site is where the substrate binds to the enzyme
the product is released leaving the enzyme free to bind another substrate

Question 16

what is induced fit

Answer 16

The binding of the substrate and enzyme causes a shape change

Question 17

what is Specificity

Answer 17

of the enzyme to the substrate is based on enzyme shape and active site

Question 18

what is the basic summary of enzymes

Answer 18

enzymes speed up the rate of a reaction (or rate of product production) by reducing the energy required for the reaction to occur
enzymes do not create reactions that would not occur in their absence

Question 19

how is energy transferred

Answer 19

Cellular respiration (more on this later) is a series of chemical reactions that convert chemical energy from food into chemical energy in ATP (the energy currency of the system)

Question 20

what does ATP consist of

Answer 20

ATP consists of adenine, a sugar, and 3 phosphate groups

Question 21

at the end of ATP, the end Phosphate is kind of snipped off, where does it go

Answer 21

the end Phosphate is kind of snipped off (the bond is broken), and where does it go? It goes on to another thing (like a sugar or another substance)

Question 22

When a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to another molecule (phosphorylation), what happened

Answer 22

energy is transferred and ADP is produced

Question 23

what is ATP good for

Answer 23

The energy from ATP can power different kinds of work in the cell. example: mechanical work