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U0 Biology 115 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is diversity

A

= differences between living things

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2
Q

what is the definition of life

A

life is capable of:
growth
reproduction
functional activity: movement, response to stimuli, metabolism, catabolism, excretion…
adaption: change over time in response to the environment

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3
Q

is a rock alive

A 
a rock
growth no
reproductivity no
activity no
adaptation no

no

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4
Q

is a prion alive

A 
a prion
growth no
reproductivity no
activity no
adaptation no

no

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5
Q

is a coral alive

A 
a coral
growth yes
reproductivity yes
activity yes
adaptation yes

yes

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6
Q

is a virus alive

A 
a virus
growth no
reproductivity uses host machinery
activity no (don’t respond to stimuli, don’t have their own metabolism)
adaptation yes

accepted as not alive

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7
Q

what is a prion

A

PrPc^c—a normal protein
PrP^sc—disease-causing form of prion protein
infectious agents
composed of a protein that can fold in multiple ways
one way of folding is transmissible to other prior portions

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8
Q

what disease might a prion cause

A

mad cow

aka Creutzfeldt-Jakob

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9
Q

what is a virus

A

infection agents
composed of a handful of parts
they use machinery within the cells thy infect to replicate
highly adaptable

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10
Q

what is biological diversity

A

scientists refer to the variety within and among living species as biological diversity

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11
Q

what is a kingdom

A

aka domains, taxonomic category of the highest rank, each kingdom groups together all forms of life having certain fundamental characteristics in common

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12
Q

what is a species

A

a group of individuals that regularly breed together

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13
Q

until about 50 years ago, how were organisms classifies

A

organisms were classified based on observations of behaviour, shape, size, etc

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14
Q

what was is the father of modern taxonomy

A

Carl linneaus

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15
Q

what did carl linnaeus do

A

classified plants, animals, minerals

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16
Q

what did linnaeus conclude about plants

A

organisms that were immobile and apparently made their own food

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17
Q

what did linnaeus conclude about animals

A

organisms that could move about and relied on other organisms for food

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18
Q

how many kingdoms were there in 1969

A

5 kingdoms

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19
Q

in 1969 how did scientist organize organisms

A

categorized organisms according to cell type and method of obtaining energy

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20
Q

what were/are the 5 kingdoms

A

plants, animals, fungi, protista, bacteria

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21
Q

what changed with the addition of molecular characteristics

A

later adapted to 6 kingdoms and 3 domains with the addition of molecular characteristics

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22
Q

what are the 3 domains

A

bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes

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23
Q

what does the term prokarya include

A

prokarya is a term for both bacteria and archaea

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24
Q

what are Prokarya

A

is further broken down into; bacteria, archaea

single celled and do not have membrane bound organelles

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25
Q

what are Eukarya

A

plants, animals, fungi, protesta

multicellular and have membrane bound organelle

26
Q

what is significant about the organelles of prokarya

A

single celled and do not have membrane bound organelles

27
Q

what is significant about the organelles of Eukarya

A

multicellular and have membrane bound organelle

28
Q

what are traits of Prokarya— Bacteria

A

mostly single-celled forms
some form colonies or filaments
cell wall contains peptidoglycan (this is one thing that takes them different from archeae)
diverse lifestyles, some can make their own food

29
Q

what are traits of Prokarya— archaea

A

mostly single-celled forms
cell wall lacks peptidoglycan (this is one thing that makes them different from bacteria)
similar to eukaryotes in genome organization
many species live in extreme environments

30
Q

what are traits of Eukarya— plants

A

multicellular
make own food
largely stationary

31
Q

what are traits of Eukarya— fungi

A

multicellular
rely on other organisms for food reproduced by spores
body made up of thin ailments called hyphae

32
Q

what are traits of Eukarya— animals

A

multicellular
rely on other organisms for food
mobile for at least part of life

33
Q

what are the origin of divergence

A

DNA and RNA sequences change over time as a result of mutations

34
Q

what are Bacteria and Archaea

A

single celled organisms, free living or colonial
cells are small, do not have membrane bound organelles (e.g. a nucleus, mitochondria, or chloroplasts)
numerous; there are more bacteria in your mouth than the number of humans who have ever lived
extremely adaptable; live in harsh environments

35
Q

what was the ver first organism

A

prokaryote

36
Q

what was the Sequence of events led to the Eukaryotes— from prokaryote to eukaryote in 3 steps

A

step 1— acquiring a nucleus
step 2— acquiring mitochondria (chemical energy production)
(all protists, plants, animals, fungi)
step 3— acquiring chloroplasts (light based energy production)
all photosynthetic organisms (plants, some protists)

37
Q

how did the mitochondria get into the cell

A

was absorbed

38
Q

Domain Eularya— protists

what are the animal cells like

A

animal-like
ciliates (hair-like)
flagellates (long tail)
amoebas (pseudopodia)

39
Q

Domain Eularya— protists

what are the plant cells like

A 
diatoms (glass shell)
brown algae (multicellular)
green algae (uni, multi-cellular)
40
Q

Domain Eularya— what were the origins of multicellularity

A 
slime mold (colonial)
brown algae (multicellular)
green algae (uni, multicellular)
41
Q

define evolution—

A

change over time

42
Q

define change—

A

inherited characteristics of a population become different

43
Q

what are inherited characteristics—

A

allele frequencies

44
Q

what are population—

A

a group of individuals living in the same geographic area

45
Q

what is time—

A

usually ling, as in millions of years

46
Q

what is the official definition of evolution—

A

change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations

47
Q

what is the study of evolution interested in

A

HOW and WHY these changes occur

48
Q

what are 2 mechanisms that evolution can occur

A

natural selection and genetic drift

49
Q

what is natural selection

A

non-random evolution

50
Q

who came up with natural selection

A

alfred russel wallace
charles darwin
both independently and (almost) simultaneously came up with the theory of the evolution by natural selection, an idea that was both novel and heretical at the time

51
Q

what was it that Darwin and Wallace put forward

A

evolution by natural selection

52
Q

first insights about evolution by natural selecton came from what

A

1) there is phenotypic variation

2) Variation is heritable

53
Q

what is a phenotype

A

is the observable characteristics of an organism, it’s the expression of the genotype

54
Q

what does phenotype include

A

it can include morphology, development, behaviour, even products of behaviour

55
Q

what is Phenotypic variation—

A

means that there is variation in the observable characteristics

56
Q

how do we know Variation is heritable

A

we know this because of modern genetics

darwin and wallace knew about it from dogs

57
Q

what did thomas malthus observe

A

Resources grow LINEARLY

populations grow EXPONENTIALLY

58
Q

what did malthus argue

A

malthus argued that without population controls (e.g. reproductive restraint) war, famine and disease would put a ceiling on population growth)
this will lead to a “struggle for existence” as individuals compete for resources

59
Q

what is the 3rd observation in evolution by natural selection

A

“struggle for existence” as individuals compete for resources

60
Q

what are the 4th and 5th points observed for evolution by natural selection

A

4) some variants will be more successful in this struggle

5) those individuals with such an advantage will survive (longer) and reproduce (more)

61
Q

what do we call an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce

A

we call an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce its FITNESS

because the variation is heritable, there will be more of those successful variants in the next generation

62
Q

selection is acting on what

A

selection is acting on phenotypes, not genotypes

U0 Biology 115 (23 decks)

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