2. Nervous System

Question 1

Regions of the cerebral cortex that lie at the top of the brain behind the central sulcus and contain the somatosensory cortex (process sensory information); directly beneath the parietal bone of the cranium.

Answer 1

Parietal Lobe

Question 2

Regions of the nervous system containing cell bodies of neurons with few or no myelinated axons; actually may be more pink or tan in color, but called grey in contrast to white.

Answer 2

Grey matter

Question 3

Large white matter structure that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

Answer 3

Corpus Callosum

Question 4

Regions of the cerebral cortex that are located laterally and that are responsible for initially processing auditory input; directly beneath the temporal bone of the cranium.

Answer 4

Temporal Lobe

Question 5

One half of the bilaterally symmetrical cerebrum.

Answer 5

Hemisphere

Question 6

Regions of the cerebral cortex that lie at the top of the brain in front of the central sulcus and that are responsible for voluntary motor output, speaking and elaboration of thought; directly beneath the frontal bone of the cranium.

Answer 6

Frontal Lobe

Question 7

Regions of the nervous system containing mostly myelinated axons, making the tissue appear white because of the high lipid content of myelin.

Answer 7

White matter

Question 8

Regions of the cerebral cortex that are located posteriorly and are responsible for initially processing visual input; directly beneath the occipital bone of the cranium.

Answer 8

Occipital Lobe

Question 9

Outermost layer of gray matter in the brain, where conscious perception takes place.

Answer 9

Cerebral cortex

Question 10

Anatomical division that is largely outside the cranial and vertebral cavities, namely all parts except the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 10

Peripheral nervous system

Question 11

Anatomical division that is located within the cranial and vertebral cavities, namely the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 11

Central nervous system

Question 12

Functional division that is concerned with the conscious perception, voluntary movement, and skeletal muscle reflex.

Answer 12

Somatic nervous system

Question 13

Functional division that is responsible for homeostatic reflexes that coordinate control of the smooth and cardiac muscle, as well as glandular tissue.

Answer 13

Autonomic nervous system

Question 14

The large organ of the central nervous system composed of white and grey matter, contained within the cranium and continuous with the spinal cord.

Answer 14

Brain

Question 15

Organ of the central nervous system found within the vertebral cavity and connected with the periphery through spinal nerves.

Answer 15

Spinal cord

Question 16

One of the various types of neural tissue cells responsible for maintenance of the tissue, and largely responsible for supporting neurons.

Answer 16

Glial cell

Question 17

A type of neural tissue cell that is primarily responsible for generating and propagating electrical signals into, within, and out of the nervous system.

Answer 17

Neuron

Question 18

Cord-like bundle of axons located in the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory input and response output to and from the central nervous system.

Answer 18

Nerve

Question 19

Receives information from the environment and translates it into the electrical signals of nervous tissue.

Answer 19

Sensation

Question 20

Causes a target tissue (muscle or gland) to produce an event as a consequence of stimuli.

Answer 20

Response

Question 21

Combines sensory perception and higher cognitive functions (memories, learning, emotion, etc.) to produce a response.

Answer 21

Integration

Question 22

An organ that can cause a change in a value.

Answer 22

Effector

Question 23

The sense of taste

Answer 23

Gustation

Question 24

Conducting or conducted inwards or towards something.

Answer 24

Afferent

Question 25

The sense of body movement based on sensations in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and the skin.

Answer 25

Kinesthesia

Question 26

The process of changing an environmental stimulus into the electrochemical signals of the nervous system.

Answer 26

Transduction

Question 27

A cell that transduces environmental stimuli into neural signals.

Answer 27

Receptor cell

Question 28

A receptor cell that senses differences in the concentrations of bodily fluids on the basis of osmotic pressure.

Answer 28

Osmoreceptor

Question 29

Involuntary or unconscious

Answer 29

Autonomic

Question 30

A sensory receptor cell that is sensitive to chemical stimuli, such as in taste, smell, or pain.

Answer 30

Chemoreceptor

Question 31

Pertaining to the body; related to the body's framework or outer walls, including skin, skeletal muscle, tendons, and joints.

Answer 31

Somatic

Question 32

The region of the cerebral cortex that initially receives sensory input from an ascending pathway from the thalamus and begins the processing that will result in conscious perception of that modality.

Answer 32

Primary sensory cortex

Question 33

A particular system for interpreting and perceiving environmental stimuli by the nervous system.

Answer 33

Sensory modality

Question 34

Conducted or conducting outwards or away from something such as the central nervous system.

Answer 34

Efferent

Question 35

Sense associated with the internal organs.

Answer 35

Visceral sense

Question 36

Sense of balance that includes sensations of position and movement of the head.

Answer 36

Equilibrium

Question 37

Sense of hearing

Answer 37

Audition

Question 38

Sensory receptor specialized for temperature stimuli.

Answer 38

Thermoreceptor

Question 39

Receptor cell specialized to respond to light stimuli.

Answer 39

Photoreceptor

Question 40

Receptor cell that senses pain stimuli.

Answer 40

Nociceptor

Question 41

Fiber structure that relays sensory information from the periphery through the spinal cord and brain stem to other structures of the brain.

Answer 41

Ascending pathway

Question 42

Topographic representation of the body within the somatosensory cortex demonstrating the correspondence between neurons processing stimuli and sensitivity.

Answer 42

Sensory homunculus

Question 43

Any sensory system that is distributed throughout the body and incorporated into organs of multiple other systems, such as the walls of the digestive organs or the skin.

Answer 43

General sense

Question 44

receptor cell that transduces mechanical stimuli into an electrochemical signal

Answer 44

Mechanoreceptor

Question 45

an afferent neuron's peripheral ending, which is specialized to respond to a particular stimulus in its environment

Answer 45

Sensory receptor

Question 46

Sense of position and movement of the body

Answer 46

Proprioception

Question 47

Sense of smell

Answer 47

Olfaction

Question 48

Any sensory system associated with a specific organ structure, namely smell, taste, sight, hearing and balance

Answer 48

Special sense

Question 49

central nervous system fibers carrying motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord or periphery

Answer 49

Descending tract

Question 50

Having to do with muscles and movement

Answer 50

Motor

Question 51

Strip of cerebral cortex along the posterior border of frontal lobe and is responsible for voluntary skeletal muscle contraction

Answer 51

Primary motor cortex

Question 52

Somatic efferent neuron, which innervates skeletal muscle

Answer 52

Motor neuron

Question 53

set of functions associated with the parasympathetic system that lead to restful actions and digestion

Answer 53

Rest and digest

Question 54

organ, tissue, or gland that will respond to the control of an autonomic or somatic or endocrine signal

Answer 54

Target effector

Question 55

division of the autonomic nervous system associated with the fight-or-flight response

Answer 55

Sympathetic division

Question 56

functional division of the nervous system that is responsible for homeostatic reflexes that coordinate control of cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as glandular tissue

Answer 56

Autonomic nervous system

Question 57

division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for restful and digestive functions

Answer 57

Parasympathetic division

Question 58

set of responses induced by sympathetic activity that lead to either fleeing a threat or standing up to it, which in the modern world is often associated with anxious feelings

Answer 58

Fight or flight response

Question 59

neural tissue cell that is primarily responsible for generating and propagating electrical signals into, within, and out of the nervous system

Answer 59

Neuron

Question 60

in cells with long extensions, the part that contains the nucleus

Answer 60

Cell body

Question 61

distribution of charge across the cell membrane, based on the charges of ions

Answer 61

Membrane potential

Question 62

one of many branchlike processes that extends from the neuron cell body and functions as a contact for incoming signals (synapses) from other neurons or sensory cells

Answer 62

Dendrites

Question 63

single process of the neuron that carries an electrical signal (action potential) away from the cell body toward a target cell

Answer 63

Axon

Question 64

the difference in voltage measured across a cell membrane under steady state conditions, typically -70 mV

Answer 64

Resting membrane potential

Question 65

end of the axon, where there are usually several branches extending toward the target cell

Answer 65

Axon terminals

Question 66

cell membrane that regulates the movement of ions so that an electrical signal can be generated

Answer 66

Excitable membrane

Question 67

change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in transmission of an electrical signal; unique to neurons and muscle fibers

Answer 67

Action potential

Question 68

change in a cell membrane potential from rest toward zero

Answer 68

Depolarisation

Question 69

return of the membrane potential to its normally negative voltage at the end of the action potential

Answer 69

Repolarisation

Question 70

membrane voltage at which an action potential is initiated

Answer 70

Threshold

Question 71

change in membrane potential in which cell interior becomes more negative than its resting state

Answer 71

Hyperpolarisation

Question 72

chemical signal that is released from the synaptic end bulb of a neuron to cause a change in the target cell

Answer 72

Neurotransmitter

Question 73

connection between two neurons, or between a neuron and its target, where a neurotransmitter diffuses across a very short distance

Answer 73

Chemical synapse

Question 74

small gap between cells in a chemical synapse where neurotransmitter diffuses from the presynaptic element to the postsynaptic element

Answer 74

Chemical synapse

Question 75

Is the sympathetic nervous system always excitatory?

Answer 75

No