7. Skeletal System

Question 1

Where two or more bones meet to allow movement

Answer 1

Joints

Question 2

Semi-rigid connective tissue that provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement

Answer 2

Cartilage

Question 3

Hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

Answer 3

Bone

Question 4

Body system composed of bones, joints and cartilage

Answer 4

Skeletal system

Question 5

A type of bone cell that is trapped within the extracellular matrix and functions to maintain bone tissue

Answer 5

Osteocyte

Question 6

Channels within bone matrix important for allowing osteocytes to communicate with each other and receive nutrients via long cytoplasmic processes

Answer 6

Canaliculi

Question 7

Stem cell of the bone that differentiates into an osteoblast

Answer 7

Osteogenic cell

Question 8

Tubular shaft of long bone

Answer 8

Diaphysis

Question 9

Spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone

Answer 9

Trabeculae

Question 10

Cube-shaped bone that provides limited motion

Answer 10

Short bone

Question 11

Delicate membranous lining of the medullary cavity of long bone

Answer 11

Endosteum

Question 12

Connective tissue in the spongy bone where hematopoiesis (blood cell production) takes place

Answer 12

Red bone marrow

Question 13

Sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature long bone that is replaced by bone tissue as the bone grows in length

Answer 13

Epiphyseal plate

Question 14

Connective tissue in the medullary cavity of long bones where fat is stored

Answer 14

Yellow bone marrow

Question 15

Wide section at the ends of long bones

Answer 15

Epiphysis

Question 16

Fibrous membrane on the outer surface of bone (contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels)

Answer 16

Periosteum

Question 17

Bones with a complex shape that protect internal organs from compressive forces

Answer 17

Irregular bone

Question 18

Cylinder shaped bone that functions as a lever

Answer 18

Long bone

Question 19

Completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate in a long bone

Answer 19

Epiphyseal line

Question 20

Hollow region of the diaphysis of a long bone that is filled with yellow marrow

Answer 20

Medullary cavity

Question 21

Site where epiphysis and diaphysis meet in a long bone

Answer 21

Metaphysis

Question 22

A type of bone cell responsible for forming new bone

Answer 22

Osteoblast

Question 23

Also called cancellous or trabecular bone, a very porous type of bone that is highly vascularised and contains red bone marrow

Answer 23

Spongy bone

Question 24

A type of bone cell responsible for resorbing bone

Answer 24

Osteoclast

Question 25

Small round bone embedded in a tendon, protects the tendon from compressive forces

Answer 25

Sesamoid bones

Question 26

The basic structural unit of compact bone

Answer 26

Osteon

Question 27

Thin and curved bone that serves as attachment for muscles and protects internal organs

Answer 27

Flat bone

Question 28

Long cylindrical organelle of the muscle fibre

Answer 28

Myofibril

Question 29

Outer layer of connective tissue around a skeletal muscle

Answer 29

Epimysium

Question 30

Organelle that functions to produce ATP

Answer 30

Mitochondria

Question 31

Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Answer 31

Tendon

Question 32

Bundle of muscle fibres within a skeletal muscle

Answer 32

Fasicle

Question 33

Muscle cell

Answer 33

Muscle fibre

Question 34

Control centre of the cell

Answer 34

Nucleus

Question 35

Connective tissue that bundles skeletal muscle fibres into fascicles within a skeletal muscle

Answer 35

Perimysium

Question 36

Muscle cell membrane

Answer 36

Sarcolemma

Question 37

Connective tissue surrounding the muscle fibres in skeletal muscle

Answer 37

Endomysium

Question 38

Stem cell that helps to repair damaged muscle cells

Answer 38

Satellite cell

Question 39

Nerve cell responsible for transmitting action potentials from the central nervous system (spinal cord) to muscle to cause contraction

Answer 39

Motor neuron

Question 40

A, D, E and K

Answer 40

Fat soluble vitamins

Question 41

Chemical substance taken in via the diet that is used for cell function; water, carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins and minerals

Answer 41

Nutrient

Question 42

Hormone important for stimulating growth and activity of osteoblasts

Answer 42

Growth hormone

Question 43

Hormone released from the parathyroid gland in response to low blood calcium levels

Answer 43

Parathyroid hormone

Question 44

Estrogen and testosterone; promote activity of osteoblasts

Answer 44

Sex hormones

Question 45

Hormone released from the thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium levels

Answer 45

Calcitonin

Question 46

Hormone important for setting the basal metabolic rate and promoting activity of osteoblasts

Answer 46

Thyroid hormone

Question 47

Promotes calcium absorption at the small intestine

Answer 47

Vitamin D

Question 49

Regulatory protein that binds to actin, troponin and calcium

Answer 49

Troponin

Question 50

Contractile protein making up the thick filaments in the sarcomere

Answer 50

Myosin

Question 51

Longitudinally repeating functional unit of skeletal muscle myofibrils

Answer 51

Sacromere

Question 52

Enlarged sarcoplasmic reticulum that connects to the T-tubule

Answer 52

Terminal cisternae

Question 53

Specialised smooth endoplasmic reticulum that stores, releases and retrieves calcium

Answer 53

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 54

Regulatory protein that covers myosin-binding sites to prevent actin from binding to myosin

Answer 54

Tropomyosin

Question 55

Contractile protein making up most of the thin filaments in the sarcomere

Answer 55

Actin

Question 56

A threesome of membranes, with those of the sarcoplasmic reticulum on two sides and the T-tubule sandwiched between them

Answer 56

Triad

Question 57

Long, cylindrical organelle that runs parallel within the muscle fibre and contains the sarcomeres

Answer 57

Myofibril

Question 58

Projection of the sarcolemma into the interior of the muscle cell, forming narrow tubules through which action potentials are transmitted from the sarcoplasm to the interior of the fibre

Answer 58

T-tubule

Question 59

Site where a motor neuron terminal meets the muscle fibre

Answer 59

Neuromuscular junction

Question 60

Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

Answer 60

Aceytlcholinesterase

Question 61

Muscle shortens as it contracts

Answer 61

Concentric contraction

Question 62

Muscle lengthens as it contracts

Answer 62

Eccentric contraction

Question 63

Space between axon terminal and motor end plate

Answer 63

Synaptic cleft

Question 64

Neurotransmitter than binds to receptors at the motor end plate to trigger depolarisation

Answer 64

Acetylcholine

Question 65

Muscle length stays the same as it contracts

Answer 65

Isometric contraction

Question 66

Sarcolemma of muscle fibre at the neuromuscular junction, with receptors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

Answer 66

Motor end plate

Question 67

A motor neuron and the group of muscle fibres it innervates

Answer 67

Motor unit

Question 68

Addition of structural proteins to muscle fibres

Answer 68

Hypertrophy

Question 69

Loss of structural proteins from muscle fibres

Answer 69

Atrophy