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AN SC 312 > 2 - Reproductive Endocrinology > Flashcards

2 - Reproductive Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone

A

Substance produced by one or more gland that is transported by the blood to exert a specific effect upon another organ

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2
Q

What are hormone receptors

A

Tissues targeted by a specific hormone have receptors for that hormone

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3
Q

Four classes of repro hormones

A
  1. Peptides
  2. Glycoproteins
  3. Steroids
  4. Prostaglandins
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4
Q

What is a peptide hormone

A

Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

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5
Q

Peptide bonds are made of…

A

carbon and ammonia

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6
Q

What are glycoprotein hormones

A

An alpha and a beta subunits held together by non-covalent hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces

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7
Q

What are steroids

A

Hormone with four carbon rings

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8
Q

The steroid pathway involves multiple occurrences of what process?

A

Enzymatic conversion

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9
Q

Conversion of steroid to estradiol

A

Cholesterol -> pregnenolone -> progesterone -> testosterone -> estradiol

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10
Q

Differences between steroid conversion in males vs females

A

Males do not produce estradiol (ends at testosterone)

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11
Q

What are prostaglandins

A

Lipids with 20C

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12
Q

Two major prostaglandins in repro phys

A

Prostaglandin F2 alpha

Prostaglandin E2

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13
Q

Hormone action requires…

A

the presence of specific receptors on the target

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14
Q

Slide 12

A

Hormone and target tissue figure

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15
Q

What kind of receptors do protein hormones use?

A

Plasma membrane bound receptors

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16
Q

Five steps of action of protein hormones

A
  1. Hormone-receptor binding
  2. G-protein activation
  3. Adenylate cyclase activation
  4. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase
  5. Synthesis of new product (protein)

slide 14***figure

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17
Q

What kind of receptors do steroid hormones use

A

Diffuse into the cell and attach to specific nuclear receptors

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18
Q

Steps of action of steroid hormones

A
  1. Steroid transport - “piggy back” on protein
  2. Movement through the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nuclear membrane
  3. Binding of steroid to nuclear receptor
  4. mRNA and protein synthesis

Slide 16***figure

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19
Q

Five sources of reproductive hormones

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary (anterior & posterior)
  • Gonads (ovary & testis)
  • Uterus
  • Placenta
20
Q

Bone around the pituitary gland is called…

A

Sella turcica

21
Q

Hypothalamus is attached to the anterior pituitary via…

A

Stalk and portal vessels

22
Q

What does the anterior pituitary release? Posterior?

A

Anterior = releasing hormones
Posterior = oxytocin

23
Q

What is the hormone released by the hypothalamus (its chemical class, its target tissue and its action)

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Class: neuropeptide
Target tissue: Anterior pituitary
Action: release of FSH & LH from anterior pituitary

24
Q

Name the three hormones released by the anterior pituitary

A

Follicle stimulate hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Prolactin

25
Q

What are the chemical classes and target tissues of FSH, LH, and prolactin

A

FSH = glycoprotein. Target sertoli cells of testis and granulosa cells of ovary

LH = glycoprotein. Target leydig cells of testis and theca/luteal cells of ovary

Prolactin = protein. Targets mammary glands

26
Q

Action of FSH

A

Spermatogenesis in testis

Follicle growth and estradiol synthesis in ovary

27
Q

Action of LH

A

Testosterone synthesis

Ovulation an progesterone synthesis

28
Q

Prolactin action

A

Lactation and maternal behaviour

29
Q

What hormone is released by the posterior pituitary (class, target tissues, action)

A

Oxytocin

Class: neuropeptide
Target tissues: Testicular, uterus & mammary
Action: sperm transport, uterine contractions, mammary cell growth

30
Q

When does oxytocin help in females

A

Parturition, expel retained placenta

31
Q

What are the gonadotropins? Where are they released? Go to…

A

FSH & LH

Released by gonadotroph cells in anterior pituitary

Go to gonads

32
Q

What cells release prolactin? Go to…

A

Lactotroph cells

Go to mammary gland

33
Q

What are herring bodies

A

Store oxytocin until release in posterior pituitary

34
Q

What hormones are released by the ovary? Classes

A

Estradiol (steroid)
Progesterone (steroid)

35
Q

Target tissues of estradiol and progesterone

A

E: hypothalamus, reproductive tract, mammary gland

P: hypothalamus, uterine endothelium & myometrium, mammary gland

36
Q

Action of estradiol? Progesterone?

A

E: sexuality (increase sexual behaviour, GnRH production, uterine activity. Mammary development)

P: pregnancy maintenance (decrease sexual behaviour, GnRH production, uterine activity. Lactation)

37
Q

What hormone is released by the testis? Chemical class, target tissues, action

A

Testosterone

Class: steroid
Target tissues: hypothalamus, reproductive tract, muscle
Action: sexuality (increase sexual beh, muscle development. Decrease GnRH production. Spermatogenesis)

38
Q

What hormones are released by the uterus? Chemical class?

A

Prostaglandins (E2 and F2 alpha)

39
Q

Target tissues and action of prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha

A

E2: ovary, increase progesterone production

F2: ovary and uterine myometrium. Decrease progesterone production. Uterine contractions (parturition)

40
Q

What hormones are released by the placenta? Classes

A

Progesterone (some spp; steroid)

Equine chorionic gonadotropin (glycoprotein)

41
Q

Target tissue and action of progesterone from the placenta

A

TT: hypothalamus, uterine endothelium & myometrium, mammary gland

Action: pregnancy maintenance (decrease sexual beh, gnRH production and uterine activity. Lactation)

42
Q

Target tissues and action of Equine chorionic gonadotropin

A

TT: ovary

Action: maintains progesterone production

43
Q

Hormone used for pregnancy detection in horses

A

Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG)

44
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

Above the hypothalamus between the hemispheres of the brain

45
Q

Pineal gland is sensitive to… and releases…

A

environmental light and senses changes in photoperiod

releases melatonin in response to dark

46
Q

Pineal gland via melatonin regulates what?

A

Breeding activity in seasonal breeders

AN SC 312 (31 decks)

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