2 - the heart Flashcards
(51 cards)
1
Q
angina
A
alterations in coronary perfusions
2
Q
Angina pectoris
A
- due to ischemia of myocardial cells
- cells temporarily deprived of adequate blood supply
- caused by anything that causes imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand
3
Q
Angina causes
A
obstruction
4
Q
obstructions like… (3)
A
- vessel spasm
- atherosclerosis (stable plaque)
- atherosclerosis (unstable complicated plaques)
5
Q
Other than obstruction Angina can cause
A
- hypotension
- anemia
- hypoxemia
- increased demand for oxygen
6
Q
Angina - manifestations
A
chest pains that are:
- substernal
- pressure, tightness, squeezing
- elephant on chest
- may radiate to neck, arm and jat
7
Q
Chest pain of pulmonary origin - manifestations
A
localized and more of a stabbing pain
8
Q
Angina is more common in
A
men
9
Q
Angina is associated with
A
- diaphoresis
- dyspnea
- pallor
- nausea
- vomiting
10
Q
Angina is associated with (for women)
A
- fatigue
- nausea
- indigestion
11
Q
categories of angina
A
- variant angina
- stable angina
- unstable angina
12
Q
Variant angina
A
- no evidence of coronary artery disease
- excess SNS, decreased vasodilators, cocaine
- treated with calcium channel blocker medications
- SPASM OF ARTERIES
13
Q
stable angina
A
- narrowing of the vessel lumen because of atherosclerosis
- vessels cannot dilate to increase oxygen delivery during exercise or stress
14
Q
A form of stable Angina is
A
coronary artery disease
15
Q
stable angina - risk factors
A
- obesity
- smoking
- hypertension
- male
- elder
- ethnicity
- metabolic syndrome
16
Q
metabolic syndrome
A
- insulin resistance syndrom
- abdominal obesity (Apple shaped tummy)
- low HDL
- hyperglycaemia associated with insulting resistance
- elevated BP
- elevated triglycerides
17
Q
metabolic syndrome is also known as
A
syndrome x
18
Q
stable angina - events that increase demand can trigger ______
A
- chest pain
19
Q
3 main things about stable angina
A
- predictable
- gets better with rest
- vessel cannot dilate
20
Q
stable angina - what to do for relief?
A
- by rest or nitroglycerin
- may require interventions to open up or bypass obstruction
- PCI
- coronary artery bypass surgery
21
Q
Unstable angina
A
- also caused by atherosclerosis
- plaque is unstable and complicated and prone to rupture
- falls in the category of acute coronary syndromes
22
Q
3 main things about unstable angina
A
- unpredictable
- caused by plaque
- formation of a CLOT
23
Q
Acute coronary syndromes
A
- unstable angina
- myocardial infarction
24
Q
unstable angina VS myocardial infarction
A
unstable angina - unpredictable - occurs at rest - increases in frequency or severity - ischemia is still reversible Myocardial infarction - ischemia is no longer reversible - 2 types, categorized by ECG changes
25
Myocardial infarction (MI)
- heart attack
| - prolonged ischemia causing irreversible hypoxia leading to cellular death
26
angina and muscles
muscle tissue hurt but still alive
27
infarction and muscles
muscle tissue is dead
28
myocardial infarction - manifestations
- *prolonged angina (greater than 20 mins) *
- nausea
- diaphoresis
- pallor
- cool and clammy
29
myocardial infarction - diagnosis
1. physical assessment
2. electrocardiogram (ECG) changes
3. Cardiac biomarkers
30
cardiac bio markers
- troponin
| - CK-MB
31
troponin and CK-MB
when you have dead muscle cells it releases troponin and CK-MB into your blood stream
32
myocardial infarction - treatment
- primary prevention
- secondary prevention
- tertiary prevention
33
myocardial infarction - secondary prevention
- early intervention of unstable angina
| - aspirin, oxygen, morphine, nitroglycerin
34
myocardial infarction - tertiary prevention
- restore coronary circulation (PCI and bypass surgery)
35
myocardial infarction - prognosis
depends on:
- extent of tissue death
- surrounding tissue
- location
36
myocardial infarction - complication
- dysrhythmias
- sudden cardia death
- heart failure
- cardiogenic shock
37
heart attack
when part of that muscle has died
38
heart failure
- general term used to describe several types of cardiac dysfunctions that result in inadequate perfusion of tissue
39
heart failure due to
- MI
- Valve dysfunction
- cardiomyopathies
- myocarditis
40
heart failure can be
- left/right sided
- systolic/diastolic
- high output
41
left heart failure
- inability of left ventricle to effectively push oxygenated blood forward INTO the systemic circulation
- back up of blood into pulmonary circulation
42
left-sided heart failure causes a decrease in forward flow - manifestation
- pale
- dizzy
- numb
- decreased urine output
43
left-sided heart failure increased congestion in pulmonary vasculature - manifestation
- SOB
- low O2
- crackles
- sputum is frothy
44
right heart failure
- inability of right ventricle to effectively push oxygenated blood forward INTO the pulmonary circulation
- back-up of blood into systemic veins
45
left-sided heart failure causes
- decrease in forward flow
| - increased congestion in pulmonary vasculature
46
right hearted failure causes
- congestion in systemic veins
47
right-sided heart failure causes increased congestion in systemic veins - manifestations
- peripheral edema
- enlarged liver and spleen
- JVD
48
systolic
cannot pump out effectively
49
diastolic
cannot relax and fill effectively
50
high output
cannot meet increased body demands
51
heart failure - treatment
- supportive
- "unload" the heart
- decrease work load
- control heart rate
- control blood pressure
