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pathophysiology > Fluid > Flashcards

Fluid Flashcards

1
Q

Intracellular

A

2/3

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2
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

1/3

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3
Q

Distribution of body fluid: age differences

A
  • Paediatric: at birth 75% to 80% of body weight

- geriatric: decreased percent of total body water (renal decline and diminished thirst perception)

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4
Q

Children and the elderly are more at risk for fluid imbalance due to…

A

Differences in total body water (TBW) and regulatory mechanisms

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5
Q

Major factors influencing body fluid balances

A
  • water shifts due to hydrostatic, oncotic and osmotic gradients
  • where sodium goes, water follows
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6
Q

Major factors influencing body fluid balances is controlled by

A

ADH, renin-angiotensin- aldosterone, natriuretic peptides, renal function

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7
Q

Normal fluid movement as blood flows from arterioles to capillaries

A
  • “Pressure” forces water into interstitial space

- capillary hydrostatic pressure

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8
Q

Normal fluid movement as blood flow gets closer to veins

A
  • water is pulled back in

- capillary oncotic pressure

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9
Q

Interstitial forces

A
  • interstitial hydrostatic pressure

- interstitial oncotic pressure

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10
Q

Types of fluid imbalances:

A
  • Changes in intravascular volume
  • accumulation of fluid in interstitial space
  • alteration in fluid movement in and out of cell
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11
Q

Changes in intravascular volume

A
  • fluid volume deficit

- fluid volume overload

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12
Q

Accumulation of fluid in interstitial fluid

A

Edema

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13
Q

Alteration in fluid movement in and out of cell

A

Osmosis

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14
Q

Fluid volume deficit

A

Dehydration

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15
Q

Dehydration

A

Isotonic loss

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16
Q

Isotonic loss

A
  • water and sodium are lost in proportion

- intravascular space

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17
Q

Dehydration - causes

A

Bleeding, wound drainage, excess sweating, burn injuries

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18
Q

Dehydration - sign and symptoms

A

Weight loss, dry skin/mucous membranes, decreased urine output, low bp

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19
Q

Dehydration - treatment

A

Replace water and solutes/sodium

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20
Q

Fluid volume excess

A

Volume overload

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21
Q

Volume gain

A

Isotonic gain

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22
Q

Isotonic gain

A
  • water and sodium are gained in proportion

- intravascular space

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23
Q

Volume overload - cause

A

Too much IV solution, renal failure, liver failure and heart failure

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24
Q

Volume overload - sign and symptoms

A

Weight gain, development of edema, veins dilate, strong pulse strength

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25
Volume overload - treatment
Optimize renal, kidney, cardiac function
26
Edema
- movement of water from capillary (intravascular space) into interstitial space
27
Edema: causes
- increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure - decrease in plasma oncotic pressure - increases in capillary permeability - lymph obstruction
28
Manifestations of Edema
- localized Edema - pitting Edema - generalized
29
Alterations in fluid movement in and out of cell because of
- due to changes in osmosis | - strongly linked to sodium imbalances
30
The most intracellular ion
Potassium
31
Most extra cellular ion
Sodium
32
Distribution of body fluid (2)
``` Interstitial fluid (ICF) Extra cellular fluid (ECF) ```
33
an imbalance in one electrolyte often produces an..
imbalance in another electrolyte
34
hyponatremic (hypotonic) imbalances
concentration of sodium is decreased below normal levels
35
hyponatremic imbalance - causes
- imbalance in water, not enough sodium or too much water (
36
hyponatremic and plasma
- plasma will be hypotonic | - cellular edema
37
hyponatremic imbalances - clinical manifestations
- primarily related to cell swelling - neurological aches - muscle cramps, weakness
38
Hypernatremic (hypertonic) imbalances
concentration of sodium is increased above normal levels
39
hypernatremic imbalances - causes
too much sodium and not enough water, inability to retain water, excess intake of sodium tablets
40
hypernatremic and plasma
- plasma will be hypertonic | - cellular dehydration
41
hypernatremic imbalances - clinical manifestations
- primarily related to cell dehydration - neurological irritations - thirst, dry skin
42
hypernatremic imbalances - intravascular volume
increase (hypertension and bounding pulse)
43
potassium
- the major systems that show signs and symptoms include CVS and CNS - a lot of overlap in symptoms with sodium and potassium - they both interact with acid-base status
44
hypokalemia - causes
- increased excretion - diarrhea, vomitting, NG suction, draining wounds - loop diuretics - hyperaldosteronism - decreased replacement
45
hypokalemia - manifestation
- mostly cardiac (dysrhythmias and cardiac arrest) - CNS: decreased reflects, lethargy - GI: decreased peristalsis
46
hypokalemia - treatment
correct the cause and replace the potassium (either by IV or foods)
47
hyperkalemia - causes
- decreased excretion (renal disease and hypoaldosteronism) - burns and crush injuries - excess replacement - salt substitutes with K+
48
hyperkalemia - manifestations
- mostly cardiac (dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest) - CNS: increased reflects and anxieties - GI: diarrhea
49
hyperkalemia - treatment
dialysis and kayexalate (treating the cause)
50
calcium
- hypocalcemia | - hypercalcemia
51
hypocalcemia
- chvostek's sign | - trousseau's sign
52
hypercalcemia
weakness, loss of muscle tone and hypertension
53
H+
- needed to maintain membrane potential - regulates speed of nerve implies conductions and muscle finer contraction - maintains speed of enzyme reactions
54
normal body pH
7.35-7.45
55
To maintain the body's normal pH
the H+ must be neutralized by buffers or excreted via the lungs or kidneys
56
excretion of acids
- Volatile | - nonvolatile
57
Volatile
- carbonic acid | - eliminated by lungs as CO2
58
nonvolatile
- sulfuric, phosphoric and other organic acids | - eliminated by the renal tables
59
renal system controls pH by
- excreting or conserving acid: H+ | - conserving or excreting base: bicarbonate (HCO3-)
60
acid-base imbalances
- caused by respiratory or "metabolic" problems - categorized as either acidosis or alkalosis - if one is dysfunctional the other will try to compensate
61
Respiratory alkalosis
- too little CO2
62
Respiratory alkalosis - causes
- rapid/deep breathing
63
Respiration acidosis - causes
- slow/shallow breaking
64
Respiration acidosis
too much CO2
65
metabolic acidosis
- not enough bicarbonate ion | - too much acid
66
metabolic acidosis - causes
- excess production of non-volatile acids
67
metabolic alkalosis
- too much bicarbonate ion HCO3- | - not enough acid
68
full compensation
pH will become fully within normal range
69
partial compensation
pH will move towards normal but not within normal range

pathophysiology (16 decks)

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