inflammation and wound

Question 1

reversible injury

Answer 1

cell can fully recover and return to normal function

Question 2

apoptosis and programmed cell removal

Answer 2

programmed cell death and does not release any inflammatory response

Question 3

cell death and necrosis

Answer 3

unplanned cell death and causes inflammation

Question 4

cellular injury mechanisms

Answer 4

hypoxic injury 
reperfusion injury 
oxidative stress 
genetics
infections
nutritional imbalances
changes in atmospheric pressure
environment 
chemical injury 
physical/mechanical force

Question 5

hypoxic injury

Answer 5

anoxia or ischemia

can be caused by lack or oxygen or decrease blood flow or perfusion

Question 6

anoxia or ischemia

Answer 6

reduced blood supply

Question 7

reperfusion injury

Answer 7

restoration of circulation cause inflammation

Question 8

oxidative stress

Answer 8

free radicals/ reactive oxygen species

Question 9

chemical injury

Answer 9

drugs
mead, mercury 
asbestos 
carbon monoxide
air pollutants

Question 10

physical/mechanical forces

Answer 10

blunt force injuries

Question 11

results of cellular injury

Answer 11

1. mitochondrial damage
2. ATP depletion
3. defects in membrane permeability
4. disruption of calcium homeostasis

Question 12

systemic manifestations of cell injury

Answer 12

fatigue 
malaise 
fever 
loss of appetite
elevated plasma 
inflammatory response

Question 13

hypo

Answer 13

decrease

Question 14

hyper

Answer 14

increased

Question 15

hypoxic

Answer 15

decreased oxygen

Question 16

inflammation

Answer 16

itis

Question 17

inflammatory response

Answer 17

second line of defence
non specific
activated by cellular injury or cell death
regardless of the trigger the process of inflammation will always be the same

Question 18

goals of the inflammatory response

Answer 18

limit and control injury process
prevent and limit infection and further damage
initiate adaptive immune response
initiate healing

Question 19

vascular responce to inflammation

Answer 19

blood vessel dilation
increased vascular permeability and leakage
- increase amount of blood enter and the blood flow dilates making capillary leaky and water and fluids come out of the capillary during inflammation

Question 20

cellular response to inflammation

Answer 20

white blood cells adhere to capillary
phagocytosis
white blood cells stick to capillary wall then sneaks out and goes to area of inflammation

Question 21

exudates

Answer 21

fluid, WBC and tissue debris

Question 22

cellular component

Answer 22

neutrophils

monocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, phagocytes, mast cells, platelets and other

Question 23

chemical components

Answer 23

histamine, leukocytes, prostaglandins, bradykinin, complement, serotonin and clotting systems

Question 24

5 signs of inflammation

Answer 24

red
hot
swollen
loss of function 
pain

Question 25

systemic manifestation of acute inflammation

Answer 25

- fever - fatigue, anorexia and endogenous pyrogens - leukocytosis - elevated erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR)

Question 26

chronic inflammation

Answer 26

- lasting 2 weeks or longer - often related to an unsuccessful actor inflammatory response - phagocytic cells (macrophages and lymphocytes rather than neutrophils) immune and inflammatory substances (can further injure cells and delay healing) - fibroblast and scar tissue formation leading to loss of function (replace normal tissue)

Question 27

systemic manifestation of chronic inflammation

Answer 27

same as acute | hyperplasia of spleen or lymph nodes

Question 28

resolution

Answer 28

returning injured tissue to original structure and function

Question 29

repair

Answer 29

replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue

Question 30

healing process

Answer 30

primary intention | secondary intention

Question 31

primary intention

Answer 31

wounds that heal under condition of minimal tissue loss

Question 32

secondary intention

Answer 32

wounds that require a great deal more tissue replacement

Question 33

factors affecting healing and tissue repair

Answer 33

- age - blood supply - temperature - moisture - nutrition - tension on tissue - drugs and stress hormones - chronic disease

Question 34

phases of healing

Answer 34

1. inflammation 2. proliferation and new tissue formation 3. remodelling and maturation phase

Question 35

inflammation

Answer 35

cleans up injured area

Question 36

proliferation and new tissue

Answer 36

fibroblast proliferation epithelialization contraction

Question 37

remodelling and maturation phase

Answer 37

cellular differentiation scar tissue formation scar remodelling

Question 38

complication of wound healing

Answer 38

``` stenosis adhesions infection strictures and contractors excess scar formation dehiscence or evisceration ```

Question 39

stenosis

Answer 39

narrowing

Question 40

adhesion

Answer 40

scar tissue that sticks to other scar tissue

Question 41

strictures and contractors

Answer 41

shortening of the skin - burns

Question 42

excess scar formation

Answer 42

keloids

Question 43

dehiscences or evisceration

Answer 43

closed wounds that have been open