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2 - neurologic functions Flashcards

1
Q

multiple condition may cause an insult to the nervous system

A
  • trauma
  • neoplasia
  • stroke
  • infection
  • degeneration
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2
Q

dysfunction causes alterations in

A
  • cerebral hemodynamics
  • cognition, memory, attention, emotions
  • motor function
  • data processing
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3
Q

cerebral hemodynamics

A
  • level of consciousness (LOC)
  • pupillary responses
  • vital signs
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4
Q

motor function

A
  • tone
  • movement
  • paralysis
  • posture
  • gait
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5
Q

data processing

A

comprehension and communication

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6
Q

aphasia

A

severe impairment of language

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7
Q

dysphasia

A

mild impairment of language

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8
Q

agnosia

A

inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things

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9
Q

akinesia

A

loss or impairment of the power of voluntary movement

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10
Q

hyperkinesia

A

increase in muscular activity that can result in excessive abnormal movements, excessive normal movements, or a combination of both

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11
Q

hypokinesia

A

abnormal diminished motor activity

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12
Q

normal A&P

A
  • normal component of the brain
  • normal pressure
  • monroe-kellie hypothesis
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13
Q

normal pressure

A

5 - 15 mmhg

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14
Q

cerebral hemodynamics

A
  • multiple condition may cause a change in cerebral hemodynamics (blood flow/pressure)
  • can be compensated
  • compensation not effective with sustained long-term changes
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15
Q

cerebral hemodynamics: compensation by

A
  • displacing CSF
  • shifting blood volume
  • compression brain tissue
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16
Q

secondary injury

A
  • insult to brain days after the days or hours after primary injury
  • long standing changes in pressure
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17
Q

insult to

A

inflammation and cerebral edema

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18
Q

inflammation and cerebral edema to

A

increased intra-cranial pressure

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19
Q

increased intra-cranial pressure to

A

compression of blood vessels

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20
Q

compression of blood vessels to

A

decreased cerebral blood flow

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21
Q

decreased cerebral blood flow to

A

cerebral ischemia and hypoxia

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22
Q

cerebral ischemia and hypoxia to

A

insult

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23
Q

Secondary injury leads to

A

increased intracranial pressure (ICP)

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24
Q

increased intracranial pressure

A
  • caused by an increase in intracranial content
  • can increase gradually or suddenly
  • may decrease cerebral blow flow
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25
example of primary injury
we had a trauma and injury to the head
26
ICP - manifestations
- altered level of consciousness - pupillary alterations - changes in vital signs - seizures - headaches - vomiting
27
the earliest indicator of increased intracranial pressure?
changes in the level of consciousness
28
level of consciousness
- most critical index of nervous system function | - eye opening, verbal response and mobile response
29
level of consciousness can be assessed by
glasgow coma scale
30
level of consciousness: critical index
- arousal | - awareness
31
terms describing altered level of consciousness (LOC)
- confusion - disorientation - lethargy - obtundation - stupor - coma
32
pupillary abnormalities
- initially change on same side of brain as insult | - eventually fixed and dilated pupils bilaterally
33
vital signs
- temperature - respiration - heart rate - BP
34
hypothalamus controls
temp
35
brain stem, medulla and pons control
- respiratory rate - heart rate - BP
36
changes in vital signs
- late findings | - cushing's triad
37
cushing's triad
- bradycardia - irregular respirations - widening pulse pressure
38
seizures
- sudden, transient alterations of brain function cause by an abrupt explosive disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons - causes involuntary movements, behavioural and sensory alterations as well as changes in LOC
39
seizure: a symptom of an underlying disorder
- infection - cerebral lesions - cerebral trauma - biochemical disorders
40
classifications of seizures
- partial seizures | - generalized seizures
41
partial seizures
localized electrical discharges
42
generalized seizures
- tonic clonic - absent - myoclonic - wide spread throughout the brain
43
tonic
stiffening
44
clonic
jerking and shaking
45
absent
zoning out and loose consciousness for 20 seconds then back to normal
46
myoclonic
a sudden jerk or spasm, usually no changes in awareness
47
seizures and children
- common for children because of fever or glucose | - febrile seizures
48
febrile seizures
associated with a high body temperature and most common in 3 mo to 5 years
49
epilepsy
- a chronic seizure disorder with recurrent, unprovoked seizures - triggers
50
epilepsy: cause
genetic and environmental
51
status epilepticus
repeated
52
How is a seizure different from epilepsy?
- epilepsy is chronic, may or may not know cause | - seizures can pin point cause
53
Why is status epilepticus dangerous?
cause neutrons are using so much oxygen and if prolonged neutrons will become damages
54
cerebral palsy (CP)
- a group of non-progressive syndrome causing varying degrees of motor dysfunction - due to brain damage often resulting from cerebral schema and or increased ICP before, during or shortly after birth - one of the most crippling disorders of childhood
55
types of cerebral palsy
- spastic - dystonic - ataxic - mixed
56
spastic
increased muscle tone, rigidity of extremities, scoliosis, contractures
57
dystonic
difficulty with fine motor coordination and purposful movements (stiff, uncontrolled and abrupt)
58
ataxic
unsteady uncoordinated gait; difficulty with maintaining balance
59
CP - diagnosis
typically diagnosed based on clinical signs at birth or early infancy
60
CP - treatment
- depends on extent impairment - ongoing assessment, evaluation and revision of treatment - interdisciplinary approach required (PT, OT, speech etc)

pathophysiology (16 decks)

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