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Dr. Erb > 20 > Flashcards

20 Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbs, lipids and amino acids are the main

A

reduced fuels for the cell

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2
Q

Electrons from reduced fuels are transferred to reduced cofactors

A

NADH or FADH2

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3
Q

In OP, energy from NADH/FADH2 are used to make

A

ATP

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4
Q

Electrons from the reduced cofactors NADH/FADH2 are passed to proteins in the

A

ETC

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5
Q

In eukaryotes, Oxygen is the ultimate electron ___ for these electrons.

A

Acceptor

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6
Q

Energy of oxidation is used to

A

Phosphorylate ADP

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7
Q

Stage 3 of OP;

A

Electron transfer and OP

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8
Q

Electrons for the reduced carriers NADH/FADH2 are ___ (reduced or oxidized) and used to create _____.

A

Reduced e- carriers

Used to make ATP

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9
Q

Is the Conversion of ADP = Pi —> to ATP favorable or unfavorable?

A

Unfavorable

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10
Q

Energy needed to phosphorylate ADP is provided by the flow of protons ___ the electrochemical gradient.

A

Down

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11
Q

The energy released by the Electron transport is used to transport ____ against the electrochemical gradient.

A

protons

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12
Q

Where is the proton gradient in:
Bacteria
Mitochondria
Chloroplast

A 
PM (Bacteria)
Inner Membrane (Mitochondria)
Thylakoid membrane (Chloroplast)
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13
Q

in the ETC, what is comprised of the downhill/uphill flow?

A

downhill —> electrons

uphill —> protons

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14
Q

Series of membrane bound carriers

A

ETC

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15
Q

-Has a high reduction potential

A

oxygen (because it will gain electrons from Hydrogen)

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16
Q

Is it energetically favorable or unfavorable for e- transfer to be coupled to pumping H+ out of the matrix?

A

Favorable

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17
Q

The proton gradient is used to drive ____ (enzyme)

A

ATP Synthase

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18
Q

Structure of a Mitochondrion

A
  1. Outer Membrane
  2. Intermembrane Space
  3. Inner Membrane
  4. Matrix
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19
Q

Describe the Outer Membrane

A

Relatively porous membrane; allows passage of metabolites

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20
Q

Describe Intermembrane Space

A

Similar to Cytosol

Higher Proton Concentration/lower pH

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21
Q

Higher Proton []; lower pH

A

Intermembrane space

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22
Q

Desribe Inner Membrane

A

Relatively Impermeable, with proton gradient across it
Location of ETC complexes
Cristae increase the surface area

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23
Q

Where are ETC complexes located?

A

Inner Membrane

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24
Q

Contain parts of lipid and amino acid metabolism

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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25
Location of Citric Acid Cycle
Mitochondrial Matrix
26
Lower proton concentration/higher pH
Mitochondrial Matrix
27
Location of ATP Synthase
Inner Membrane
28
Location of ADP-ATP Translocase
Inner Membrane
29
Location of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
Mitochondrial Matrix
30
Beta oxidation enzymes are located in the
Mitochondrial Matrix
31
Amino Acid Oxidation enzymes are located in the
Mitochondrial Matrix
32
What are cytochromes
Proteins
33
Cytochromes differ by
differ by ring additions
34
Cytochromes carry how many electrons at a time?
1
35
Iron Sulfur Clusters carry how many electrons at a time?
1
36
Fe-S Centers coordinate by which amino acid in the protein?
Cysteine
37
Fe-S are also used in which enzyme in the CAC?
Aconitase
38
How many Fe can Fe-S Clusters have?
1,2 or 4
39
Lipid-Soluble conjugated dicarbonyl compound that readily accepts electrons?
Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone)
40
Upon accepting 2 e-, it picks up 2 ___ to give to ubiquinol.
protons
41
Can freely diffuse in the membrane carrying electrons with protons from one side of the membrane to the other side
Ubiquinone
42
Mobile e- carrier transporting electrons from Complex 1 and 2 to Complex 3
Ubiquinone
43
Coenzyme Q What is the name of it in these stages: Fully Oxidized Fully Reduced
Ubiquinone Ubiquinol (the alcohol that it gave protons to)
44
Electrons are transferred from lower (more negative) to higher (more positive) reduction potentials.
True
45
Free energy released is used to pump protons, storing this energy as the ECG
True
46
What are the names of the 4 ETC Complexes
NADH DH Succinate DH Ubiquinone: Cytochrome C oxidoreductase Cytochrome oxidase
47
ETC Complex I
NADH DH
48
ETC CII
Succinate DH
49
What is the only membrane bound protein in the CAC?
Succinate DH
50
ETC CIII
Cytochrome C Oxidoreductase
51
ETC CIV
Cytochrome oxidase
52
NADH Binding Site in the matrix side
C1/ NADH: Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase
53
Integral Protein /Soluble Complex
C1/ NADH: Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase
54
Noncovalently bound FMN & accepts 2 e- from NADH
C1/ NADH: Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase
55
Several FE-S centers pass 1 e- at a time toward the ___ bindings site
C1/ NADH: Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase ubiquinone
56
How many protons are pumped in C1?
4
57
What is the final e- acceptor in C1?
Ubiquinol ( remember it accepts 2 protons from ubiquinone)
58
What is the e- carrier in C1?
NADH
59
Which complex is considered a proton pump?
C1
60
C1: How many protons are transferred per NADH?
4
61
Transfer of 2 ____ from NADH to _____ is accompanied by a transfer of protons from the Matrix to the intermembrane space.
Electrons Ubiquinone
62
What picks up two protons in C1?
Reduced CoenzymeQ
63
What is the name of C2
Succinate DH
64
What accepts e- from C2?
FAD
65
How many e- does FAD accept from Succinate?
2
66
Does C2 transport protons?
No
67
Electrons are passed via Fe-S centers to ubiquinone, which becomes reduced to ubiquinol; which complex is this?
Complex 2
68
Which complex used Fe-S Centers?
C2
69
Succinate DH removed or adds 2 H to its substrate? | What substrate is that?
Removes 2 e- (reduces) Succinate Produces Fumarate ( remember in CAC)
70
Uses two e- from Ubiquinol to reduce 2 Cytochrome C
C3
71
What is the name of C3
Cytochrome C oxidoreductase
72
Contains Fe-S Clusters, Cytochrome bs, and cytochrome cs
C3
73
Which complexes end in QH2(Ubiquinol)?
C1/C2
74
Does C2 transport protons?
No it does not
75
Uses two e- from Ubiquinol to reduce 2 molecules of Cytochrome C?
C3
76
Contains Cytochrome bs, and Cytochrome cs
C3
77
What results in 4 additional protons being transported to the intermembrane space? (Besides C1?
C3
78
What has a high pH?
Matrix
79
Where is the Proton Concentration higher?
Intermembrane Space
80
Take e- from Ubiquinol ---> Cytochrome
C3
81
What complexes pumps 4 protons from Matrix to ---> Intermembrane Space
C1/C3
82
How many binding sites for QH2 does C3 have?
2
83
What is the final acceptor in the Q cycle?
Cyt C
84
What is the final donor in the Q cycle?
Coenzyme Q
85
How many protons are transported to the intermembrane space in C3?
4
86
How many protons that are transported in C3 come from QH2?
2
87
Two molecules of QH2 become oxidized releasing protons into the IMS
True
88
One molecule becomes re-reduced, thus a net transfer of 4 protons per reduce Coenzyme Q
True
89
What is the 2nd mobile e- carrier?
Cytochrome C
90
Soluble heme-containing protein in the IMS
Cytochrome C
91
Carries a single e- from the cytochrome bc1 complex (C3) to Cytochrome oxidase C4?
Cytochrome C
92
Where does Cytochrome C carries electrons from and to?
Complex 3 ( Cytochrome bc1) Complex 4 (Cytochrome oxidase)
93
Membrane protein with 13 subunits
Cytochrome Oxidase
94
Contains two heme groups; a and a3
Cytochrome Oxidase
95
Contains Copper Ions
Cytochrome Oxidase
96
two ions that accepts e- from Cyt C
CuA
97
Bonded to Heme a3
CuB
98
What does CuA do?
Accept electrons from Cyt C
99
Bonded to heme a3 forming a binuclear center that transfers 4 e- to o2
CuB
100
Cytochrome oxidase passes electrons to
O2
101
What is the final e- acceptor?
O2
102
How many e- are used to reduce one oxygen molecule into two water molecules?
4
103
How many protons are pumped across the gradient in CIV?
2
104
Creates H2O | Pump 2 H+ across gradient
C4
105
Q carries pairs of electrons?
True
106
How many electrons can Cytochrome C accept at a time?
1

Dr. Erb (8 decks)

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