21

Question 1

90% of energy needs of carnivores can be met by

Answer 1

Amino Acids immediately after a meal

Question 2

What do microorganisms do to obtain to get fuel?

Answer 2

scavenge amino acids from the environment

Question 3

Only a small fraction of energy needs of herbivores are met by

Answer 3

Amino Acids

Question 4

Do plants use Amino Acids as a fuel source?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

Can plants degrade amino acids to form other metabolites

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

Plants have their own protein!

Answer 6

True

Question 7

When are proteins used as fuel?

Answer 7

When carbs are scarce (starvation, diabetes mellitus)

Question 8

Cuts protein into peptides in the stomach

Answer 8

Pepsin

Question 9

Cut proteins and larger peptides into smaller peptides in the small intestine

Answer 9

Trypsin

Chymotrypsin

Question 10

Degrade peptides into amino acids in the small intestine

Answer 10

Aminopeptidase

Carboxypeptidases A/B

Question 11

What are the fx of Aminopeptidase

Carboxypeptidases A/B

Answer 11

Degrade peptides into amino acids in the small intestine

Question 12

Stomach has a ___ pH, it does proteolysis

Answer 12

low

Question 13

What is the pathway from Amino Acids to Glucose?

Answer 13

Intracellular/Dietary Protein -> Amino Acids -> Carbon Skeletons -> Alpha keto acids -> Citric Acid Cycle -> Oxaloacetate -> Glucose via Gluconeogenesis)

Question 14

Nitrogen excretion product

Answer 14

Urea

Question 15

Carbamoyl Phosphate enters which cycle?

Answer 15

Urea Cycle

Question 16

What is a product of the Urea Cycle?

Answer 16

Urea in the form of Nitrogen

Question 17

What is the first step of degradation for all amino acids?

Answer 17

removal of amino group

Question 18

Where does the degradation of protein occur?

Answer 18

Liver

Question 19

In the degradation of protein, what are amino acids turned into?

Answer 19

Amino Acids —> Alpha Keto Acids

Question 20

Alpha Ketoglutarate —>

Answer 20

Glutamate

Question 21

Where is the Amino group from glutamate sent to?

Answer 21

Excreted as urea/uric acid

Question 22

Which amino acids is used during protein degradation?

Answer 22

Alanine from muscle/ Glutamine from muscle

Question 23

What does the muscle have to do with Protein Degradation?

Answer 23

It donates an Alanine to Glutamate which goes to Alpha keto-glutarate then excreted via urea.

Question 24

What are the two forms that Nitrogen are excreted into?

Answer 24

Ammonia

Urea

Question 25

Terrestrial Vertebrates and shark use which form of nitrogen excretion?

Answer 25

Urea

Question 26

Bony Fish and larvae of amphibia use which form of nitrogen excretion?

Answer 26

Ammonia

Question 27

Birds and reptiles use which form of nitrogen excretion?

Answer 27

Uric Acid

Question 28

Removal of the amino group to degrade protein happens in the

Answer 28

liver

Question 29

What is the cofactor during the removal of the amino group?

Answer 29

PLP

Question 30

What is the enzyme during the removal of the amino group?

Answer 30

Aminotransferase

Question 31

Aminotransferase uses which cofactor?

Answer 31

PLP cofactor

Question 32

What accepts the amino groups during transamination?

Answer 32

alpha-ketoglutarate

Question 33

Aminotransferase transfers an amino group from Amino Acid to

Answer 33

glutamate

Question 34

What happens when Aminotransferase acts on amino acid

Answer 34

Keto Acid is formed and L glutamate is formed with the amino group

Question 35

What removes the amino group form Glutamate?

Answer 35

Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Question 36

Oxidative deamination happens in the

Answer 36

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 37

What is the e- acceptor of Glutamate DH?

Answer 37

NAD+ | NADP+

Question 38

What is the end product after Glutamate DH removes the amino group from Glutamate?

Answer 38

Alpha-ketoglutarate

Question 39

Ammonia is excreted in the form of

Answer 39

Urea

Question 40

What is the pathway for ammonia excretion

Answer 40

Transdeamination Pull the amino group off of the glutamate via glutamate DH which crates alpha keto-glutarate and ammonia then it is excreted as urea.

Question 41

Ammonia is transported in the bloodstream as

Answer 41

Glutamine

Question 42

Excess glutamine is processed in

Answer 42

Intestines Kidneys Liver

Question 43

Where is pyruvate transferred back and forth?

Answer 43

Muscle

Question 44

Glutamate can donate ammonia to pyruvate to make

Answer 44

Alanine

Question 45

When do working muscles operate anaerobically?

Answer 45

During vigorus work and they rely on glycolysis for energy

Question 46

Glycolysis yields

Answer 46

Pyruvate

Question 47

How does lactic acid build up?

Answer 47

Build up of Pyruvate

Question 48

Before build up of Pyruvate, pyruvate can be converted to __ for transport to the liver.

Answer 48

Alanine

Question 49

Glucose Alanine Cycle | What happens to glucose

Answer 49

Glucose ---Glycolysis---> Pyruvate

Question 50

Glucose Alanine Cycle | what happen to pyruvate in the muscle

Answer 50

Pyruvate --->Alanine Amino Transferase---> Alanine

Question 51

Glucose Alanine Cycle | What happens to muscle protein?

Answer 51

``` Muscle Protein Amino Acids Ammonia (NH4) Glutamate Alpha Ketoglutarate ```

Question 52

Glucose Alanine Cycle | What happens to alanine in the liver?

Answer 52

Alanine ---alanine amino transferase---> Pyruvate

Question 53

Glucose Alanine Cycle | What happens to pyruvate in the liver?

Answer 53

Pyruvate --- Gluconeogenesis---> Glucose

Question 54

Glucose Alanine Cycle | How does glucose get from the liver to the muscle?

Answer 54

Blood glucose travels from the kidney --> muscle

Question 55

Where is Amino Transferase found?

Answer 55

Muscle | Kidney

Question 56

Excess glutamate is metabolized in the __- to hepatocytes

Answer 56

Mitochondria

Question 57

Ammonia is highly toxic and must be used or excreted

Answer 57

true

Question 58

Free ammonia

Answer 58

Converted to urea for excretion

Question 59

Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase I

Answer 59

captures free ammonia in the mitochondrial matrix 1st step in the urea cycle regulated

Question 60

Ammonia is recaptured via synthesis of

Answer 60

Carbamoyl Phosphate

Question 61

What is the first nitrogen-acquiring reaction of the urea cycle?

Answer 61

Carbamoyl Phosphate

Question 62

Nitrogen from carbamoyl phosphate enter the

Answer 62

Urea Cycle

Question 63

What are the steps of the Urea Cycle

Answer 63

1. Carbamoyl Phosphate ---> Citruline 2. Add AMP to Citruline & condense with aspartate leave as fumarate---> makes arganine 3. forms urea/ornithine

Question 64

What are the end products of Ketogenic Amino Acids?

Answer 64

Ketone bodies

Question 65

What are the end products of Glucogenic amino acids

Answer 65

Glucose