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VET413 Infectious + Immunology > 20 Enteric Clostridium > Flashcards

20 Enteric Clostridium Flashcards

1
Q

Organisms from the genus Clostridium are generally ________ (aerobic/anaerobic), shaped like ______ (rods/cocci), and are Gram _____ (+/-).

A

Anaerobic
Rods
G+

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2
Q

Although most Clostridium are Gram ___ (+/-), an exception is ______ (specific bacterium).

A

G+
C. piliforme (Tyzzer disease)

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3
Q

T or F: clostridium can form environmentally resistant spores.

A

T

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4
Q

Describe enterotoxemia.

A

Toxins are produced within the gut, enter the bloodstream, and then act on distant organs.

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5
Q

What are the six major types of toxins (not toxinotype) that C. perfringens can be encoded for based on the 2018 toxin-based typing scheme?

A

Alpha-toxin
Beta-toxin
Epsilon-toxin
Iota-toxin
CPE (enterotoxin)
NetB

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6
Q

What are the 7 toxinotypes of C. perfringens based on the 2018 toxin-based typing scheme?

A

A
B
C
D
E
F
G

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7
Q

T or F: it is rare to find C. perfringens in the intestine of a healthy animal.

A

F

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8
Q

C. perfringens toxinotype A is encoded for which toxin(s)?

A

Alpha-toxin

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9
Q

What specific organism causes Yellow Lamb Disease?

A

C. perfringens type A

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10
Q

What is the pathogenesis of yellow lamb disease?

A

Alpha-toxin causes intravascular hemolysis, which results in anemia and free hemoglobin. The anemia leads to hypoxic injury and hepatic necrosis. The free hemoglobin causes a nephropathy and icterus.

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11
Q

How is yellow lamb disease diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs and gross/histo appearance are suggestive. Culture with typing and a colony count over 10^6 CFU are confirmatory.

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12
Q

C. perfringens type B are encoded for which toxin(s)?

A

Alpha toxin
Beta toxin
Epsilon toxin

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13
Q

Lamb dysentery is caused by _______ (specific bacteria).

A

C. perfringens type B

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14
Q

T or F: lamb dysentery is prevalent in the Americas.

A

False – not diagnosed in the Americas

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15
Q

C. perfringens type C is encoded for which toxin(s)?

A

Alpha toxin
Beta toxin
+/- CPE

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16
Q

What is the general effect of C. perfringens type C?

A

Necrotizing

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17
Q

What is clostridial Beta-toxin sensitive to?

A

Trypsin

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18
Q

Briefly explain the relationship between clostridium and trypsin.

A

Clostridium inactivates trypsin, because otherwise trypsin would destroy all of the antibodies in the colostrum.

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19
Q

Trypsin deficiency or inhibition can lead to what kind of infection?

A

C. perfringens type C

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20
Q

What food items can cause trypsin inhibition if they are consumed in large quantities?

A

Sweet potatoes and soybeans

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21
Q

What age does C. perfringens type C most commonly affect, and why?

A

Neonates due to colostrum inactivating trypsin

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22
Q

What disease does C. perfringens type C cause in humans?

A

Enteritis necroticans

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23
Q

What are the clinical signs of C. perfringens type C?

A

Hemorrhagic diarrhea
Neurologic signs
Sudden death

24
Q

What animal species are most likely to be clinically affected by C. perfringens type C enterotoxemia?

A

Neonatal livestock and horses

25
Q

How is enterotoxemia from C. perfringens type C diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs, gross/histo, and culture with typing are suggestive. Fecal/intestinal content testing for Beta toxin is confirmatory.

26
Q

C. perfringens type D is encoded for which toxin(s)?

A

Alpha toxin
Epsilon toxin
+/- CPE

27
Q

What is the MOA of Epsilon toxin?

A

Increases vascular permeability

28
Q

What is required for epsilon toxin to become activated?

A

Trypsin

29
Q

What are the clinical signs of disease caused by C. perfringens type D?

A

Neurologic signs
Respiratory difficulty
Sudden death
(Usually no diarrhea)

30
Q

What can cause excessive overgrowth of C. perfringens type D in ruminants?

A

Excessive carbohydrate ingestion

31
Q

How is disease from C. perfringens type D diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs, gross appearance, and culture with typing are suggestive. Histology and testing of intestinal contents or feces for Epsilon toxin are confirmatory.

32
Q

C. perfringens type E produces which types of toxin(s)?

A

Alpha toxin
Iota toxin
+/- CPE

33
Q

What species has C. perfringens type E enterotoxemia been observed in?

A

Cattle, rabbits, sheep

34
Q

C. perfringens type F produces which type of toxin(s)?

A

Alpha toxin
CPE

35
Q

What type of enterotoxin is a cause of human food poisoning?

A

CPE

36
Q

C. perfringens type G is encoded for which type of toxin(s)?

A

Alpha toxin
NetB

37
Q

What causes necrotic enteritis in poultry?

A

C. perfringens type G

38
Q

What is a major predisposing factor for C. perfringens type G enterotoxemia in poultry?

A

Eimeria co-infection

39
Q

What is the most virulent factor of C. perfringens type G?

A

NetB

40
Q

What are the clinical signs of C. perfringens type G in poultry?

A

Loss of production
Depression
Diarrhea
Sudden death

41
Q

How is enterotoxemia from C. perfringens type G diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs, gross/histo, and culture with typing are individually suggestive, and all three combined may be confirmatory.

42
Q

What is the main cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea in humans and animals?

A

C. difficile

43
Q

What are the main virulence factors of C. difficile?

A

Toxin A
Toxin B
CDT

44
Q

What are the clinical signs of C. difficile infection in HORSES?

A

Diarrhea (+/- hemorrhage) and colic in all age groups

45
Q

What histologic lesion is characteristic for C. difficile?

A

Volcano lesions–lymphocytes bursting up through intestinal epithelium

46
Q

What are the clinical signs of C. difficile infection in PIGS?

A

Diarrhea (+/- hemorrhage), constipation, colic

47
Q

How is C. difficile infection diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs, gross/histo, and culture + typing are suggestive. Ancillary A/B toxin testing is confirmatory.

48
Q

What is the causative agent of Tyzzer disease?

A

C. piliforme

49
Q

What species are affected by Tyzzer disease?

A

Horses, rabbits, rats, hamsters, cats, other

50
Q

What is the triad of lesions associated with Tyzzer disease?

A

Hepatitis
Colitis
Myocarditis

51
Q

What is a characteristic gross lesion caused by C. difficile in the intestines?

A

Mesocolonic edema

52
Q

How is Tyzzer disease diagnosed?

A

Histology (+ special stains), PCR, culture

53
Q

How is Paeniclodtridium sordellii diagnosed?

A

Rule out other causes of enteric disease and prove presence of P. sordellii on culture, PCR, or IHC

54
Q

What is the causative agent of quail disease?

A

C. colinum

55
Q

What gross lesions do C. colinum cause?

A

Transmural ulceration of the pancreas and duodenum

56
Q

What is the causative agent of rabbit enterotoxemia?

A

C. spiroforme

VET413 Infectious + Immunology (26 decks)

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