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VET413 Infectious + Immunology > 20 Enteric Clostridium > Flashcards

20 Enteric Clostridium Flashcards

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1
Q

Organisms from the genus Clostridium are generally ________ (aerobic/anaerobic), shaped like ______ (rods/cocci), and are Gram _____ (+/-).

A

Anaerobic
Rods
G+

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2
Q

Although most Clostridium are Gram ___ (+/-), an exception is ______ (specific bacterium).

A

G+
C. piliforme (Tyzzer disease)

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3
Q

T or F: clostridium can form environmentally resistant spores.

A

T

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4
Q

Describe enterotoxemia.

A

Toxins are produced within the gut, enter the bloodstream, and then act on distant organs.

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5
Q

What are the six major types of toxins (not toxinotype) that C. perfringens can be encoded for based on the 2018 toxin-based typing scheme?

A

Alpha-toxin
Beta-toxin
Epsilon-toxin
Iota-toxin
CPE (enterotoxin)
NetB

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6
Q

What are the 7 toxinotypes of C. perfringens based on the 2018 toxin-based typing scheme?

A

A
B
C
D
E
F
G

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7
Q

T or F: it is rare to find C. perfringens in the intestine of a healthy animal.

A

F

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8
Q

C. perfringens toxinotype A is encoded for which toxin(s)?

A

Alpha-toxin

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9
Q

What specific organism causes Yellow Lamb Disease?

A

C. perfringens type A

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10
Q

What is the pathogenesis of yellow lamb disease?

A

Alpha-toxin causes intravascular hemolysis, which results in anemia and free hemoglobin. The anemia leads to hypoxic injury and hepatic necrosis. The free hemoglobin causes a nephropathy and icterus.

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11
Q

How is yellow lamb disease diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs and gross/histo appearance are suggestive. Culture with typing and a colony count over 10^6 CFU are confirmatory.

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12
Q

C. perfringens type B are encoded for which toxin(s)?

A

Alpha toxin
Beta toxin
Epsilon toxin

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13
Q

Lamb dysentery is caused by _______ (specific bacteria).

A

C. perfringens type B

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14
Q

T or F: lamb dysentery is prevalent in the Americas.

A

False – not diagnosed in the Americas

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15
Q

C. perfringens type C is encoded for which toxin(s)?

A

Alpha toxin
Beta toxin
+/- CPE

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16
Q

What is the general effect of C. perfringens type C?

A

Necrotizing

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17
Q

What is clostridial Beta-toxin sensitive to?

A

Trypsin

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18
Q

Briefly explain the relationship between clostridium and trypsin.

A

Clostridium inactivates trypsin, because otherwise trypsin would destroy all of the antibodies in the colostrum.

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19
Q

Trypsin deficiency or inhibition can lead to what kind of infection?

A

C. perfringens type C

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20
Q

What food items can cause trypsin inhibition if they are consumed in large quantities?

A

Sweet potatoes and soybeans

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21
Q

What age does C. perfringens type C most commonly affect, and why?

A

Neonates due to colostrum inactivating trypsin

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22
Q

What disease does C. perfringens type C cause in humans?

A

Enteritis necroticans

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23
Q

What are the clinical signs of C. perfringens type C?

Study These Flashcards
A

Hemorrhagic diarrhea
Neurologic signs
Sudden death

24
Q

What animal species are most likely to be clinically affected by C. perfringens type C enterotoxemia?

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A

Neonatal livestock and horses

25
How is enterotoxemia from C. perfringens type C diagnosed?
Clinical signs, gross/histo, and culture with typing are suggestive. Fecal/intestinal content testing for Beta toxin is confirmatory.
26
C. perfringens type D is encoded for which toxin(s)?
Alpha toxin Epsilon toxin +/- CPE
27
What is the MOA of Epsilon toxin?
Increases vascular permeability
28
What is required for epsilon toxin to become activated?
Trypsin
29
What are the clinical signs of disease caused by C. perfringens type D?
Neurologic signs Respiratory difficulty Sudden death (Usually no diarrhea)
30
What can cause excessive overgrowth of C. perfringens type D in ruminants?
Excessive carbohydrate ingestion
31
How is disease from C. perfringens type D diagnosed?
Clinical signs, gross appearance, and culture with typing are suggestive. Histology and testing of intestinal contents or feces for Epsilon toxin are confirmatory.
32
C. perfringens type E produces which types of toxin(s)?
Alpha toxin Iota toxin +/- CPE
33
What species has C. perfringens type E enterotoxemia been observed in?
Cattle, rabbits, sheep
34
C. perfringens type F produces which type of toxin(s)?
Alpha toxin CPE
35
What type of enterotoxin is a cause of human food poisoning?
CPE
36
C. perfringens type G is encoded for which type of toxin(s)?
Alpha toxin NetB
37
What causes necrotic enteritis in poultry?
C. perfringens type G
38
What is a major predisposing factor for C. perfringens type G enterotoxemia in poultry?
Eimeria co-infection
39
What is the most virulent factor of C. perfringens type G?
NetB
40
What are the clinical signs of C. perfringens type G in poultry?
Loss of production Depression Diarrhea Sudden death
41
How is enterotoxemia from C. perfringens type G diagnosed?
Clinical signs, gross/histo, and culture with typing are individually suggestive, and all three combined may be confirmatory.
42
What is the main cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea in humans and animals?
C. difficile
43
What are the main virulence factors of C. difficile?
Toxin A Toxin B CDT
44
What are the clinical signs of C. difficile infection in HORSES?
Diarrhea (+/- hemorrhage) and colic in all age groups
45
What histologic lesion is characteristic for C. difficile?
Volcano lesions--lymphocytes bursting up through intestinal epithelium
46
What are the clinical signs of C. difficile infection in PIGS?
Diarrhea (+/- hemorrhage), constipation, colic
47
How is C. difficile infection diagnosed?
Clinical signs, gross/histo, and culture + typing are suggestive. Ancillary A/B toxin testing is confirmatory.
48
What is the causative agent of Tyzzer disease?
C. piliforme
49
What species are affected by Tyzzer disease?
Horses, rabbits, rats, hamsters, cats, other
50
What is the triad of lesions associated with Tyzzer disease?
Hepatitis Colitis Myocarditis
51
What is a characteristic gross lesion caused by C. difficile in the intestines?
Mesocolonic edema
52
How is Tyzzer disease diagnosed?
Histology (+ special stains), PCR, culture
53
How is Paeniclodtridium sordellii diagnosed?
Rule out other causes of enteric disease and prove presence of P. sordellii on culture, PCR, or IHC
54
What is the causative agent of quail disease?
C. colinum
55
What gross lesions do C. colinum cause?
Transmural ulceration of the pancreas and duodenum
56
What is the causative agent of rabbit enterotoxemia?
C. spiroforme

VET413 Infectious + Immunology (26 decks)

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