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20 - Fuels Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What are natural gas and crude oil formed from?

A

Ancient remains of microscopic animals and plants that once lived in the sea

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2
Q

What is a Finite resource?

A

Something useful that is no longer made or which is being made very slowly

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3
Q

How are natural gas and crude oil formed?

A
  • The remains of animals and plants become covered by layers of sediment
  • Over millions of years, the remains gradually turn into natural gas and crude oil
  • Sediment turns into rock, trapping the gas and oil
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4
Q

What is Crude oil?

A

A complex mixture of hydrocarbons formed from dead microscopic organisms (by heat & pressure) over millions of years

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5
Q

What is a Hydrocarbon?

A

A compound that contains hydrogen and carbon atoms ONLY

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6
Q

How many bonds can each carbon atom form?

And what type of bonds are these?

A

4

Covalent bonds

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7
Q

How many carbon atoms can there be in a hydrocarbon molecule?

A

It can vary from one to many hundreds of them

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8
Q

What state is Crude oil at room temperature?

A

Liquid

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9
Q

What are some uses of crude oil?

A
  • Fuels for aircraft, vehicles, heating & power stations
  • Feedstock
  • Raw chemicals for the petrochemical industry
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10
Q

What are petrochemicals?

A

Substances made from crude oil such as polyethene & other polymers

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11
Q

What is Natural gas?

A

A mixture of Hydrocarbons in the gas state formed from the remains of dead plants and animals that lived in the sea

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12
Q

What is the main hydrocarbon in Natural gas?

A

Methane

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13
Q

What is Methane useful for?

A

Cooking

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14
Q

What is the definition of Non-renewable?

A

Any energy resource that will run out because you cannot renew your supply of it

e.g. Oil

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15
Q

Why can Crude oil be separated using fractional distillation?

A

The different hydrocarbons have different boiling points

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16
Q

What is Fractional distillation?

A

A method of separating a mixture with different boiling points to individual components (fractions)

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17
Q

What is a Fractionating column?

A

A long column used for Fractional distillation.

Its warmer at the bottom & colder at the top

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18
Q

Label the fractionating column

A
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19
Q

What is the acronym you can use to remember the fractionating column order?

A

Bald fuming dwarves killed Patricia’s gerbils

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20
Q

Describe the temperatures in the fractionating column

A

Column is hottest at the top and coldest at the bottom

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21
Q

Describe how crude oil is separated into different fractions

A
  • Vapours rise through the column & cools down
  • Vapours condense when they reach a part of a column that is below their bp
  • Liquid falls into a tray & is piped away
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22
Q

What fraction has the highest boiling point?

A

Bitumen

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23
Q

What fraction has the lowest boiling point?

A

Gases

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24
Q

Which fraction has the highest num of atoms in molecules?

A

Bitumen

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25
Which **fraction** has the **lowest num of atoms in molecules**?
Gases
26
Which **fraction** has the **highest ease of ignition**?
Gases
27
Which **fraction** has the **lowest ease of ignition**?
Bitumen
28
Which **fraction** has the **highest viscosity**?
Bitumen
29
Which **fraction** has the **lowest viscosity**?
Gases
30
Give some uses for the **gases** fraction
Domestic heating & cooking
31
Give some uses for the **petrol** fraction
Fuel for cars
32
Give some uses for the **Kerosene** fraction
Fuel for aircraft
33
Give some uses for the **Fuel oil** fraction
Fuel for large ships & in some power stations
34
Give some uses for the **Diesel oil** fraction
Fuel for some cars and trains
35
Give some uses for the **Bitumen** fraction
Surface for roads & roofs
36
Describe the **properties of fractions**
Each fraction has: * Similar numbers of carbon and hydrogen atoms in their molecules * Similar bp
37
What are **alkanes**?
Hydrocarbon that only have single covalent bonds between the atoms in their molecules
38
What is the **homologous series**?
A family of compounds that have the same general formula and similar properties but have different numbers of carbon atoms
39
What are the **characteristics** of members in the **homologous series**?
* Similar chemical properties * Same general formula * Show a gradual variation in physical properties (e.g. bp) * Molecular formulae of neighbouring compounds differ by Ch2
40
What is the *general* formula for the **alkanes**?
41
When does **complete combustion** of a **hydrocarbon fuel** occur?
When there is a good supply of air
42
What type of **reaction** is the complete combustion of **hydrocarbon**?
Exothermic
43
What does the **complete combustion** of **hydrocarbons produce**?
* Carbon dioxide & water * Max amount of energy is given out
44
What does the **incomplete combustion** of **hydrocarbons produce**?
* Water is produced * Energy is given out (but less) * Carbon monoxide * Carbon
45
Why is **carbon monoxide** produced during the **incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons**?
Some carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon may still fully be oxidised to Co2 bur some are only partially oxidised to CO ---> Some Carbon atoms are released as smoke and soot
46
What are the **problems** of **incomplete combustion**?
* Can cause problems in appliances that uses hydrocarbon fuels if they are poorly maintained/ unventilated * CO is toxic to inhale - can cause CO poisoning * Soot can block pipes, blacken buildings & cause breathing problems
47
Explain how **carbon monoxide** is a **toxic gas**?
It combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing O2 from combining ---> Reduces amount of O2 carried in bloodstream ---> Severe CO poisoning can cause death
48
What is **acid rain**?
Rain with a pH lower than 5.2
49
Name some *substances* that causes **acid rain**?
Sulphur dioxide & Nitrogen dioxide
50
What **impurities** do **Hydrocarbon fuels** contain?
Sulphur compounds
51
How do **Hydrocarbon fuels** produce **sulphur dioxide gas**?
When hydrocarbon fuel is burnt, sulphur reacts with O2 to form sulphur dioxide gas
52
What are the *problems* of **acid rain**?
* Crops don't grow well when soil is too acidic * Excess acidity can kill fish and insects * Increases rate of weathering of buildings made of limestone/marble * Increases the rate of corrosion of metals
53
Why do **limestone/marble** react with **acid rain**?
Rocks are almost pure calcium carbonate which reacts with sulphuric acid
54
What is the **word equation** for the reaction of **sulphuric acid and calcium carbonate**?
55
What **colour** is **nitrogen dioxide**?
Red-brown
56
What are the **problems** with **nitrogen gas** on the **human body**?
Can cause respiratory diseases (e.g. Bronchitis)
57
What **part** of the **car** converts most of the **NO** into *harmless nitrogen*?
Catalytic converters
58
What does **Nitrogen dioxide** form when it dissolves in the water in clouds?
Dilute nitric acid
59
Why do **car engines** produce **oxides of nitrogen**?
Inside car engines, fuel is mixed with air and ignited inside the engine ---> Causes temperatures high enough for nitrogen and oxygen in the air inside the engine to react together
60
What are the **advantages** of using **hydrogen as a fuel** compared to **petrol**?
* Environmentally friendly compared to using Co2 (greenhouse gas) ---> Only produces water
61
What are the **disadvantages** of using **hydrogen as a fuel** compared to **petrol**?
* Hydrogen is difficult to store as it's a gas at room temp * Easily ignited
62
What is the *solution* to storing **hydrogen** for **fuel**?
It can be compressed under high pressure or liquified by cooling
63
What is **cracking**?
A chemical reaction in which large alkane molecules are split into two or more smaller alkanes & alkenes
64
What is **cracking** useful for?
To match supply with demand of fuels ---> Supply of some fractions is greater than it's customer demand
65
Explain how **cracking** is conducted
Crude oil fractions are heated to evaporate them Vapours are passed over a catalyst & heated to 650 degrees ---> This speeds up reactions that break down larger hydrocarbon molecules
66
What **compound** does the **catalyst** need to contain when **cracking hydrocarbons**?
Aluminium oxide
67
What can the **smaller hydrocarbon molecule product** of **cracking** be used for?
As fuels or for making polymers
68
What is the **difference** between **alkenes** and **alkanes**?
* Alkenes are UNsaturated * Alkanes are Saturated
69
What does being a **Saturated molecule** mean?
Carbon atoms are joined by single bonds (C-C)
70
What does being a **Unsaturated molecule** mean?
Contain a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C)
71
Where is **methane** found?
Natural gas
72
What is **methane**?
Non-renewable fossil fuel

Chemistry (29 decks)

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