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ACP > 200 overview > Flashcards

200 overview Flashcards

1
Q

Action potential

A

3 Na+ in

2 K+ out

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2
Q

in the resting state the inside of the neuron is_______ and the charge outside the neuron is_______

A

Negative

Positive

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3
Q

When the neuron is stimulated _______ ions rush into the cell and begin a wave of _____ that travels down the cell.

A 
sodium ions (Na+)
depolarization
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4
Q

Benzodiszepines

A
  • diazepam/Valium
  • midazolam/Versed
  • lorazepam/Ativan
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5
Q

diazepam/Valium

A

MOA: acts on the GABA type A receptors in the brain.

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6
Q

GABA

A

-is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS.
-benzos have no direct effect on the GABA recoptors, but do potentiate the effects of GABA.
increased GABA = increased sedation

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7
Q

AEIOUTIPS

A 
A-alcohol/acidosis
E-epilepsy/electrolytes/encephalopathy
I-infection
O-overdose
U-uremia
T-trauma
I-insulin
P-psychosis/poisoning
S-stroke/seizure/syncope
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8
Q

Sensory neurons

A

related to touch, pain, temp, proprioception, sight, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium (balance)

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9
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

-transmits nerve impulses from the PNS to skeletal muscles

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10
Q

5 drugs narcan reverses

A
  • fentanyl
  • heroine
  • morphine
  • oxycodone
  • hydrocodone
  • demerol
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11
Q

Morphine

A

pain managment

opiod analgesic

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12
Q

Acetylcholine (ACH)

A

is a neurotransmitter released by cholinergic neurons

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13
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

transmits action potentials from the PNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and certain glands

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14
Q

in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) cholinergic neurons include

A
  • all sympathetic and parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons
  • sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons that innervate, most sweat glands
  • all parasympathetic posy-ganglionic neurons
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15
Q

ACH always binds with

A

nicotinic or muscarinic receptors

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16
Q

4 types of neuroglia of the CNS

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglial cells
  • ependymal cells
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17
Q

astrocytes

A
  • build blood brain barrier
  • star shaped, have many processes
  • largest and most abundant
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18
Q

2 types of astrocytes

A
  • protoplasmic astrocytes
    • short branching processes
    • found in gray matter
  • fibrous astrocytes
    • long unbranched processes
    • found in white matter
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19
Q

processes of the astrocytes

A

make contact with blood capillaries, neurons and pia matter

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20
Q

functions of astrocytes

A
  • support neurons
  • help create unique selectively permiability around the endothelial cells
  • in the embryo, secrets chemicals that appear to regulate growth, migration and interconnection among the brains neurons
  • help maintain proper chemical enviromnt
  • aids in learning and memory by influencing the formation of the neural synapses
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21
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • resemble astrocytes but smaller and fewer processes

- responsible for forming and maintaining mylein sheath around CNS axons

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22
Q

microglial or microglia cells

A
  • small cells with slender processes that give off spine like projections
  • function as phagocytes: remove cellular debris/waste
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23
Q

ependymal cells

A

cuboidal to columnar cells arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia

  • line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord (anywhere there is CSF)
  • produce, monitor and assist in the circulation of CSF
  • form blood brain barrier
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24
Q

parts of the brain

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • occipital lobe
  • brain stem
  • cerebellum
  • pitutary glad
  • wrenickes area
  • hypothalamus
  • cerebrum
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25
Q

Frontal Lobe functions

A
  • movement
  • critical thinking
  • problem solving
  • concentration
  • behavior, personality
  • judgement, planning
  • mood
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26
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • sensations
  • language
  • perception
  • body awareness
  • attention
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27
Q

Broca’s are

A

speech

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28
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • vision

- perception

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29
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • hearing
  • speech
  • language
  • emotion
  • memory
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30
Q

brainstem

A
  • Midbrain:
  • Pons:
  • Medulla: HR, RR, swallowing, sneezing, vasoconstriction, vomiting ceter
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31
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • posture
  • balance
  • coordination of movement
  • fine motor control
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32
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

-language comprehension

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33
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • homeostasis
  • hunger
  • thirst
  • temperature control
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34
Q

Epithalamus

A

contains pineal gland

secrets melatonin

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35
Q

amygdala

A

emotional processing

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36
Q

Hipppocampus

A
  • part of limbic system

- involved in learning and memory

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37
Q

cerebrum

A
  • gray and white matter

- corpus callosum joins the hemispheres

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38
Q

reticular function

A
  • helps regulate muscle tone
  • alerts the cortex to incoming sensory signals
  • maintain consciousness
  • awaken from sleep
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39
Q

Brain Lobes and functions

A
  • Frontal lobe: emotion, speech, personality, creativity
  • Parietal lobe: processing, nerve impulses relating to the senses
  • Temporal lobe: hearing, memory, language
  • Occipital lobe: vision
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40
Q

Gray matter

A

intergration

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41
Q

White matter

A

tracts

42
Q

Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia)

A
  • helps initiate and terminate movement
  • suppress unwanted movement
  • regulate muscle tone
43
Q

Medulla

A

-controls HR, RR, swallowing, sneezing, vasoconstriction, and is the vomiting center

44
Q

Pons

A
  • connects different areas of the brain

- helps control breathing

45
Q

medbrain

A
  • controls eye movement
  • sensory impulses to the thalamus
  • process visual and auditory information
46
Q

Cranial nerves

A 
1 Olfactory
2 Optic
3 Oculomotor
4 Trochlear
5 Trigeminal
6 Abducens
7 Facial
8 Acoustic/ Vestibulocochlear
9 Glossopharyngeal
10 Vagus
11 Accessory
12 Hypoglossal
47
Q

1 olfactory

A
  • sensory nerve
  • effects smell
  • test: smell alcohol swab
48
Q

2 Optic

A
  • sensory nerve
  • effects vision/ sight
  • test: vision chart
49
Q

3 Occulomotor

A
  • motor nerve
  • effects movement of the eye ball, eyelid and pupil constriction
  • test: follow finger, light reaction
50
Q

4 Trochlear

A
  • motor nerve
  • movement of the eye up, down, left, right
  • test: follow finger
51
Q

5 Trigeminal

A
  • both sensory and motor nerve
  • touch, pain, thermal sense, chewing, middle ear muscle, clenching, innervation of cornea
  • test: (touch test) touch patients face, clench jaw
52
Q

6 abducens

A
  • motor nerve
  • movement of eyeballs
  • test: follow finger
53
Q

7 facial

A
  • both sensory and motor
  • sensory signals form tongue, facial expression
  • test: stick out tongue, smile
54
Q

8 Acoustic

A
  • sensory nerve
  • hearing, equilibrium
  • test: balance on one leg, hearing from different distances
55
Q

9 Glossopharyngeal

A
  • both sensory and motor

- digestion, resting body, swallowing, BP, O2/CO2 retention, saliva

56
Q

10 Vagus

A
  • both sensory and motor
  • parasympathetic response, swallowing, thoracic/abdominal sensation
  • test: swallow/ bare down
57
Q

11 Accessory

A
  • motor nerve
  • movement of head, pectoral girdle
  • test: shoulder shrug
58
Q

12 Hypoglossal

A
  • motor nerve
  • speech, chewing, swallowing
  • test: speech, stick out tongue
59
Q

Cranial nerves in the Medulla

A
  • acoustic
  • glossopharyngeal
  • vagus
  • accessory
  • hypoglossal
60
Q

cranial nerves in the Midbrain

A
  • occulomotor

- trochlear

61
Q

cranial nerves in the pons

A
  • trigeminal
  • abducens
  • facial
  • acoustic
62
Q

nerve plexuses

A
  • cervical
  • brachial
  • lumbar
  • sacral & coccygeal
63
Q

Cervical Plexus

A
  • formed by the anterior rami (roots) of the first four cervical nerves: C1-C4 with some contributions from C5
  • supplies the skin and muscles of the head, neck and upper portion of the shoulders
  • the phrenic nerve arises from the cervical plexus
64
Q

Phrenic nerve

A
  • arises form cervical plexus
  • C3, C4, C5
  • supplies motor function of the diaphragm
65
Q

Brachial plexus

A
  • anterior rami (roots) of spinal nerves
  • C5-C8 and T1
  • extends inferiorly and laterally
  • passes above the first rib posterior to the clavicle
  • provides nerve supply to the shoulders and upper limbs
  • has 5 main branches
66
Q

Branches of Brachial plexus

A

-axillary
-musculocutaneous
-radial
median
-ulnar

67
Q

Lumbar plexus

A

anterior rami of L1-L4

-supplies abdo wall, external genitals and lower limbs

68
Q

Sacral & coccygeal plexuses

A

-anterior rami of L4-L5 and S1-S4

69
Q

Reflex arc

A

1) sensory receptor
2) sensory neuron
3) integration center
4) motor neuron
5) effector

70
Q

damage to C1-C3

A
  • no function maintained from the neck down

- require a vent for breathing

71
Q

damage to C4-C5

A

-loss of control of diaphragm

72
Q

damage to C6-C7

A

-maintain some arm and chest muscles

73
Q

damage to T1-T3

A

intact arm function

74
Q

damage to T4-T9

A

maintain control of trunck above navel

75
Q

Damage to T10-L1

A

use of upper leg muscles

76
Q

Damage to L1-L2

A

use of some lower leg muscles

77
Q

Saltatory conduction

A
  • special mode of action potential propagation that occurs along myelinated axons.
  • nodes of ranvier
  • jumping from node to node: faster
78
Q

continuous conduction

A
  • step by step depolarization and repolarization

- unmyelinated

79
Q

neurotransmitters

A
  • ACH: acetylcholine
  • glutamate
  • GABA
  • norepi
  • epi
  • dopamine
  • serotonin
80
Q

ACH

A
  • excitatory at the neuromuscular

- inhibitory at other synapses

81
Q

Glutamate

A

-main excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain

82
Q

GABA

A

-main inhibatory neurotransmitter of the brain

83
Q

Dopamine

A
  • active during emotional responses

- addictive

84
Q

serotonin

A
  • involved with sensory perception

- regulating mood, appetite and sleep

85
Q

CPP= MAP-ICP

A

MAP=DBP + 1/3 PP

86
Q

CPP
MAP
ICP

A

CPP 60-80 mmHg
MAP 70-95 mmHg
ICP 10-15 mmHg

87
Q

anisocoria

A

unequal pupils

88
Q

coma patients pupil response

A

normal pupil respones = toxic or metabolic cause

asymmetrical or unresponsive = tramatic or stuctural cause

89
Q

stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • decreased cardiac strength
  • decreased HR
  • decreased electrical excitability
  • accelerated digestive function
90
Q

classifications of neurons

A

structural or functional

91
Q

structural neurons are classified by number of processes extending from the cell body

A
  • multipolar: several dendrites, one axon. all motor neurons and most neurons in the brain
  • Bipolar: one main dentrite and one main axon, found in retina and inner ear as well as olfactory area of the brain
  • unipolar: dendrites and axon are fused together
92
Q

functional neuron classifactions

-based on the direction in which they convey impulse in regaurds to CNS

A

1) Sensory neuron: Afferent
- unipolar
- convey impulses toward CNS
2) Motor neuron: Efferent
- multiolar
- convey action potentials away from CNS
3) interneurons: Association
- located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons
- process incoming information and elicit a motor response
- most are multipolar

93
Q

Ion channels

A
  • leak
  • ligand-gated
  • mechanical
  • voltage-gated
94
Q

leak channels

A
  • gated channels that randomly open and close

- found in nearly all cells, this includes dendrites, cell bodies and axons

95
Q

ligand-gated channels

A
  • open in response to binding of ligand(chemical stimulation)
  • found in dendrites and some sensory neurons such as pain recptors
  • found in dendrites and cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons
96
Q

mechanically gated channels

A
  • open in response to mechanical stimulation (touch, pressure, vibration)
  • found in dendrites of sensory neurons
97
Q

voltage-gated channels

A
  • open in response to voltage stimulation

- found in axons of all neurons

98
Q

Dermatones

A
  • sensory information only
  • C1 doesn’t a dermatone
  • trigeminal nerve has a dermatone
99
Q

removal of neurotransmitter

A

removed by

  • diffusion
  • ezymatic degradation
  • uptake into the cell
100
Q

Sympathetic

  • stems from Thoracolumbar region
  • Distributed to wide regions of body
    • skin
    • sweat glands
    • arrector muscles of the hair
    • adipose tissue
    • smooth muscle of blood vessels.
A

Parasympathetic
-stems from Craniosacral regions
Limited mainly to head and to viscera of thorax, abdomen, and pelvis; some blood vessels.

101
Q

sypathetic

-anterior rammi of the thoracolumbar T1-L2

A

parasympathetic
cranialscaral
-Nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X
-lateral gray matter of S2–S4.

ACP (15 decks)

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