201 to 400 Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
Deform
A
To change, or convert something into being distorted, broken, or illfigured.
2
Q
Defrost
A
To get rid of frost or ice from something.
3
Q
adjective
Deft
A
Moving or performing in a fast, easy, and clever way.
SYN: adept
استادانه
He sketched her with quick, deft strokes.
او را با ضربات سریع و ماهرانه ترسیم کرد.
4
Q
Degree
A
Noun
1. The level, quantity, or intensity of something.
2. A qualification given to someone by a university or a school after that someone has completed a course or
study.
5
Q
Adj. N.
Delicate
A
Adjective:
Damaged and destroyed with ease.
Noun:
Clothing that requires special attention when being washed and dried.
6
Q
N., V.
Demise
Formal
A
Noun
The slow and unpredictable death of a person.
Verb (Trans & Intrans)
To die in a slow and unpredictable way.
فنا، مرگ
the imminent demise (=happening soon) of the local newspaper
mnemonic: “Don’t Ever Miss, It’s Someone’s End”. This creates a metaphorical image of demise being the end point or ‘target’ for someone, which can help you remember the meaning of “demise”.
7
Q
Demolition
A
To complete and utter destruction of a building or other type of construction.
The policies are intended to halt the demolition of the rural economy.
هدف از این سیاست ها توقف تخریب اقتصاد روستایی است.
8
Q
v.
Denote
A
To assign a specified meaning to something.
SYN: indicate
What does the word ‘curriculum’ denote that ‘course’ does not?
کلمه “برنامه درسی” چه چیزی را نشان می دهد که “دوره” نشان نمی دهد؟
9
Q
Depart
A
To depart, especially at the start of a trip.
10
Q
V.
Deplete
A
To consume or decrees the amount of something.
ته کشیدن
Salmon populations have been severely depleted.
جمعیت ماهی قزل آلا به شدت کاهش یافته است.
11
Q
depletion
A
The consumption or reduction of something.
تخلیه
12
Q
v.
Depress
A
To make someone feel extremely sad or disheartened.
Several factors combined to depress the American economy.
13
Q
N., Adj.
Derivative
dɪˈrɪvətɪv
A
Adjective
Copied or derived from somewhere and not unique.
Noun
A thought or idea, language, or phrase that had been derived from something that is related to it.
، مشتق،غیر اصیل، تقلیدی
سفته بازی هم معنی میده
the derivative market
Heroin is a derivative of morphine.
14
Q
Adj.
Derogatory
dɪˈrɑːɡətɔːri
A
Showing a low attitude or pessimistic criticism.
تحقیر کننده
Their conversation contained a number of derogatory racial remarks.
گفتگوی آنها حاوی تعدادی اظهارات توهین آمیز نژادی بود.
15
Q
v.
Descend
A
- To go down a set of stairs, hill, valley, or other type of slope;
- To be related by blood to an ancestor
16
Q
Descendant
A
Someone or something like an animal or plant that is related to an ancestor.
17
Q
n., Adj.
Desktop
A
Noun
The surface of a desk where a person works.
Adjective
Small enough to be used on the surface of a desk.
18
Q
v.
Despise
A
To not like someone or something which great intense and with disapproval.
نفرت داشت، تحقیر کردن
She despised her neighbours.
Despise is not used in the progressive. You say:
I despise such ignorance.
✗ Don’t say: I am despising such ignorance.
19
Q
Detached
A
Not connected to something.
20
Q
Detrimental
ˌdetrəˈmentl
Formal
A
Producing hurt or damage.
SYN: harmful, damaging
21
Q
Diagonal
daɪˈæɡənəl
A
Adjective
Flowing from one side to another in a slanting or sloping way.
Noun
A line or directions that
slants or slopes.
22
Q
n.
Dialect
ˈdaɪəlekt
A
accent
لهجه، گویش، زبان محلی
23
Q
Diesel
A
A combustion engine that is internal in nature and it turns on with the use of diesel fuel by itself.
24
Q
n.
Difference
ˈdɪfərəns
A
The state of being unlike or different from other things or people.
25
Digital audiotape
A type of tape that is magnetic and used in the digital recording of music.
26
Diminish
| dəˈmɪnɪʃ
To become or make something loose its importance.
SYN: reduce
| کم شدن، کاستن
27
# v.
Dine
| daɪn
## Footnote
Formal
To eat dinner.
28
Dinosaur
A reptile that is now extinct; it was mostly land dwelling and lived in the Mesozoic Era.
29
# v., n.
Dip
| dɪp
To place something into a fluid or soft mixture for a small amount of time and then to take it out quickly.
| Fall روشنفکریش مثلا افت سود
## Footnote
آب فلز دادن، سریع یه چیزی را بکنی تو آب در بیاوردن یه طوری که گناه آلوده نشدن
اینم شاهد از غیب
Dip the strawberries into melted chocolate.
30
Diploma
A document received after the successful completion of either high school, college, university, or other profession organization.
31
# n.
Directive
| daɪˈrektɪv
**Noun**
A command or formal instruction.
**Adjective**
Providing detailed direction or commands.
| دستور، رهنمون
## Footnote
proposals for **implementing** the EU **directive** on paternity leave
پیشنهادات برای اجرای دستورالعمل اتحادیه اروپا در مورد مرخصی پدران
32
# v.
Discharge
| dɪsˈtʃɑːrdʒ
1. To **secrete**, give off, or get rid of a gas or liquid.
2. To consent to or write the orders for command for someone to depart an organization, or to take the decision yourself to depart from a place such as a hospital.
| تخلیه، عزل
## Footnote
* The judge discharged the jury
قاضی هیئت منصفه را برکنار کرد
* Sewage is discharged directly into the sea
فاضلاب مستقیماً به دریا ریخته می شود
33
# n., **v.**
Discount
| ˈdɪskaʊnt
**Noun**
A decrease in the normal price of something.
**Verb (Trans & Intrans)**
To make the decision to declare something as not being important, relevant, or true.
| تخفیف، نادیده گرفتن
## Footnote
General Hausken had not discounted the possibility of an aerial attack.
ژنرال هاوسکن احتمال حمله هوایی را نادیده نگرفته بود.
34
# Adj.
Discrete
| dɪˈskriːt
Totally separate and unrelated.
| مجزا
## Footnote
The change happens in a series of discrete steps.
تغییر در یک سری مراحل گسسته اتفاق می افتد.
35
# n.
Discrimination
| dɪˌskrɪməˈneɪʃən
SYN: prejudice
| تبعیض
## Footnote
* discrimination against
* discrimination in favour of
* racial/sex/religious etc discrimination (=treating someone unfairly because of their race, sex etc)
→ positive discrimination (تخصیص سهمیه), reverse discrimination (تبعیض نژادی معکوس (یعنی بر علیه سفید پوستان))
widespread discrimination against older people in the job market
تبعیض گسترده علیه افراد مسن در بازار کار
36
# n., v.
Disguise
| dɪsˈɡaɪz
## Footnote
Read the samples!
**Verb (Trans)**
To make alterations to someone's or something's appearance so that the person or thing will not be recognized.
**Noun**
Something put on or done to change a person's look so that the person will not be recognized.
| لباس مبدل، تغییر قیافه، پنهان کردن
## Footnote
**There’s no disguising the fact that** business is bad.
این واقعیت را پنهان نمی کند که تجارت بد است.
The speech was seen by many as a **thinly disguised** attack on the president.
این سخنرانی توسط بسیاری به عنوان حمله ای پنهان به رئیس جمهور تلقی شد.
He escaped across the border disguised as a priest.
او با لباس مبدل از مرز فرار کرد.
37
# n., v.
Disorder
| dɪsˈɔːrdər
**Noun**
Being deficient of an organized or ordered arrangement.
**Verb (Trans)**
To disturb or mess up the organization of something.
| بی نظم کردن، اختلال
38
# v.
Displace
To move something from the place to where it usually is to some other place.
39
# n.
Distance
| **ˈdɪstəns**
The space measured dividing two places, people, or things.
40
# Adj.
Distinct
Obviously dissimilar and individual.
41
Distraction
| dɪˈstrækʃən
Something that hinders concentration or diverts attention away from another thing.
42
# n.
Distribution
| ˌdɪstrəˈbjuːʃən
The giving out, sharing out, or delivery of things to a number of different people.
| پراکندگی، توزیع، پخش
43
# Adj.
Diverse
| **dəˈvɜːrs**
Consisting of many different kinds of things or elements.
44
# v.
Diversify
To increase in variety or to increase something in variety.
45
# n., v., Adj.
Divine
| dəˈvaɪn
**Adjective**
1. Being God or a god or goddess.
2. Faith or religion pertaining to God, gods, or goddesses.
**Verb (Trans & Intrans)**
1. To understand or realize something.
2. To learn or realize something by intuition or a supernatural means.
**Noun**
1. An affiliate or member of a clergy.
2. God.
| faith in divine providence ایمان به مشیت الهی
## Footnote
ملکوتی، مذهبی، دینی، (عامیانه) پیش گویی کردن (از روی غریزه یا شم) دریافتن، درک کردن، آسمانی، وابسته به الهیات، یزدان شناس،
46
Divisible
Capable of being separated, usually evenly.
47
Division
The act of dividing or separating something into its fractions.
48
Divisor
A number divided into another number.
| Dividend ÷ Divisor = Quotient
49
Donor
| ˈdoʊnər
Someone who gives something to someone else.
50
# n., v.
Dose
| **doʊs**
**Noun**
A specific amount of medicine that is given out at one time or at planned intervals.
**Verb (Trans)**
To give medicine to someone.
| مقدار، خوراک دوا یا شربت، مقدار دوا، دوا دادن
51
# n.
Down payment
Payment of part of the full price of something and the remaining part will be paid at a later time.
| پیش قسط، پیش پرداخت
## Footnote
We’ve almost got enough money to **make a down payment on** a house.
ما تقریباً به اندازه کافی پول داریم که بتوانیم یک خانه را پیش پرداخت کنیم.
52
# n., v.
Drain
**Noun**
1. A sewage pipe or channel that takes water or sewage away from a place.
2. A thing that uses up or reduces the energy or resources of something else.
**Verb (Trans & Intrans)**
To surge or flow out of something, usually to make it dry or empty.
| زهکش فاضل آب، زه کشی کردن، تخلیه کردن
53
# Adj.
Drastic
| ˈdræstɪk
Having an influential effect or widespread results.
| موثر
## Footnote
**Drastic changes** are needed if environmental catastrophe is to be avoided.
اگر بخواهیم از فاجعه زیست محیطی جلوگیری کنیم، تغییرات اساسی لازم است.
54
# v., n.
Dump
**Verb (Trans)**
To drop, deposit, or place something down on a surface in a haphazard or careless way.
**Noun**
A place for the brief storage of military munitions, food, beverages and other supplies for the use by troops.
| زباله انداختن، انبار موقت، زاغه، مخزن صحرایی
## Footnote
There has been a series of explosions in an ammunition dump.
چندین انفجار در یک انبار مهمات رخ داده است.
55
# v.
Dwindle
To decrease or diminish gradually in size, quantity, or strength and near zero, or to make something decrease or diminish in this way.
| تحلیل رفتن
56
# **n.**
Dysfunction
An irregularity in the operation of organs or other body parts or systems.
57
# n.
Ecology
| ɪˈkɑːlədʒi
## Footnote
Uncountable
The study of the relationships and interactions between living organisms and their habitat.
## Footnote
شاخه ای از جامعه شناسی که با روابط انسان با محیط اجتماعی و طبیعی خود سروکار دارد) زیست بوم شناسی
58
# Adj.
Economic
| ˌekəˈnɑːmiːk◂,
Pertaining to the economy of an nation, economics, or money.
59
# Adj.
Economical
| ˌekəˈnɑːmiːkəl◂,
Cautious in making the most use out of resources.
60
# n., Adj.
Economy
| ɪˈkɒ:nəmi
## Footnote
Read the note
**Noun**
The manufacture and use of products and services of a neighborhood looked at as a whole.
**Adjective**
Proposed to be inexpensive or of higher quality.
| علم اقتصاد، اقتصاد، صرفه جویی
## Footnote
You say the economy when talking about the economic system in a particular country:
✔︎ Tourism is an important part of **the** economy.
✗ Don’t say: Tourism is an important part of economy.
61
# n., v.
Edge
| edʒ
**Noun**
An area or border that is the outmost part or the farthest point away from the center of a larger area.
**Verb (Intransitive)**
To make something move sideways gradually, or to make something moved sideways by thrusting it.
## Footnote
**Edge is usually passive in this meaning.**
He edged her towards the door.
راه او را (کم کم) به سمت در باز کرد
62
# Adj., N.
Elective
**Adjective**
Pertaining to or involving voting.
**Noun**
An optional subject that a student can chose from amongst many different options.
63
# v.
Elicit
| **ɪˈlɪsɪt**
To make or create something like a reaction or response to a particular stimulus.
| واکنش نشان دادن
## Footnote
When her knock **elicited** no **response**, she opened the door and peeped in.
وقتی در زدن او جوابی نداد، در را باز کرد و به داخل نگاه کرد.
64
# N., Adj.
Elite
| eɪˈliːt
**Noun**
A small amount of people within a larger group that have the greatest amount of power, wealth, and social standing than the rest of the group.
**Adjective**
Belonging to an elite.
| نخبه
## Footnote
struggle for power within the **ruling elite**
مبارزه برای قدرت در درون نخبگان حاکم
65
# v., Adj.
Elongate
| ɪˈlɒːŋɡeɪt
**Verb (Trans & Intrans)**
To cause something to increase in length.
**Adjective**
Long and constricted or tight.
| طولانی کردن،کشیده کردن یا شدن
## Footnote
Her legs were elongated by the very high heels which she wore.
پاهایش با کفش های پاشنه بلندی که می پوشید دراز شده بود.
66
# n.
Elongation
| ɪˌlɒːŋˈɡeɪʃən
The act of making something increase in length, or the state of being increased in length.
67
# v.
Elude
| ɪˈluːd
To run away from or get around someone or something by using craftiness, skill, or ingenuity.
SYN: avoid, escape
| دوری کردن از، طفره رفتن
## Footnote
The exact terminology eludes me for the moment.
اصطلاح دقیق فعلاً از من دوری می‌کند
68
# v., n.
Embrace
**Verb (Trans & Intrans)**
To embrace someone with a hug fondly.
**Noun**
An emotional or loving embrace, or hug.
| اغوش، در اغوش گرفتن، در بر گرفتن، پذیرفتن
69
# n., Adj.
Emerald
| **ˈemərəld**
**Noun**
A green gemstone made of a form of beryl colored green by chromium.
**Adjective**
Describes a color that is emerald green.
| زمرده این بفهم.. هی عقیق و حدید و شرف الشمس. بیا اینم عاقبتش
70
# v.
Encode
To change plain text message into a code.
| برمز در اوردن
71
Encounter
| **ɪnˈkaʊntə**
## Footnote
Formal
**Verb (Trans)**
To encounter someone or something, usually without warning, typically unpleasant or surprised
**Noun**
An unexpected and brief encounter with someone or something.
| ملاقات، رویارویی، تصادف، برخورد، مواجهه، نبرد
## Footnote
I first encountered him when studying at Cambridge.
من اولین بار هنگام تحصیل در کمبریج با او روبرو شدم.
72
# n.
Endemic
| ɪnˈdemɪk
**Adjective**
Describing a disease that happens in a particular area.
**Noun**
A prevalent disease.
| بیماری یا مشکل همه گیر بومی
## Footnote
Violent crime is now endemic in parts of Chicago.
جنایت های خشونت آمیز در حال حاضر در بخش هایی از شیکاگو شیوع پیدا کرده است.
73
# v.
Endorse
| ɪnˈdɔːrs
To provide official support or consent for something.
| صحه گذاشتن، امضا کردن
74
# v.
Enhance
To make something better or increase the strength, quality, beauty, or other desired feature of something.
| بهسازی کردن
75
# v.
Enlist
| ɪnˈlɪst
To register for a branch of the military.
| نام نویسی کردن (مثلا برای سربازی)
76
# Adj.
Enormous
| ɪˈnɔːrməs
Oddly large or big in size, quantity, or level.
SYN: huge
| عظیم، هنگفت
## Footnote
Enormous is not used with ‘**very**’.
✓ You say: Their garden is **absolutely** enormous.
✗ Don’t say: Their garden is *very* enormous.
77
# v.
Ensue
| ɪnˈsuː
To follow closely after something.
SYN: Follow
| منتج شدن
## Footnote
problems that ensue from food and medical shortages
مشکلات ناشی از کمبود مواد غذایی و پزشکی
78
# v., n.
Entail
| ɪnˈteɪl
**Verb (Trans)**
To involve or conclude in something unavoidably.
**Noun**
1. Entailment.
2. A section of real estate property that has been entailed.
| وقف مال ، موجب شدن، در برداشتن، شامل بودن
## Footnote
A new computer system entails a lot of re-training.
Mnemonic: "Every New Task Always Includes Learning". This suggests that each new task you undertake inherently involves some element of learning, which can help you remember the meaning of "entail".
79
# n.
Enterprise
| ˈentərpraɪz
Willingness to put energy into a new and risky activity.
| سرمایه گذاری
80
# v.
Entice
| ɪnˈtaɪs
To tempt a person or an animal by presenting a desirable object to that person or animal.
| (دون پاشیدن) جلب کردن، فریفتن، وسوسه کردن
## Footnote
Our special offers are intended to entice people to buy.
پیشنهادات ویژه ما برای ترغیب مردم به خرید است.
81
Entity
A thing that is in existence or is perceived as a single individual thing.
82
# n.
entrée
| ˈɑːntreɪ
A dish that is serve as the major component of a meal.
| مجوز ورود هم معنی میده
## Footnote
My family name **gave** me an **entrée** into upper-class Boston society.
83
Entrepreneur
| ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɜːr
A businessperson that sets up and provides the money to make new business ventures to then make a profit.
84
# n.
Envelope
A flat compartment of paper with a sealable flap for keeping letters.
85
# v.
Envision
| ɪnˈvɪʒən
To create a mental image of something that may happen in the future.
SYN: envisage
| پیش بینی کردن، انگاشتن، در نظر گرفتن
## Footnote
I envisioned a future of educational excellence.
86
# n., Adj.
Epidemic
**Noun**
An outburst of a disease that becomes widespread very quickly.
**Adjective**
Spreading very fast and more extensively amongst a group of people than usual.
87
Episode
| ˈepəsoʊd
An occurrence that is part of but separate from a large whole and often has the same meaning as that larger whole.
88
Equation
A mathematical statement that two expressions are of the same value.
89
Era
A time period that is unique because of its developments, personalities, and or events.
90
# Adj., n.
Erratic
**Adjective**
Not consistent, regular, or able to be predicted.
**Noun**
Some that behaves spontaneously.
| دمدمی مزاج، نامنظم
91
# Adj., n.
Eternal
| ɪˈtɜːrnəl
**Adjective**
Existing for all time without having a start or a finish.
**Noun**
Something that lasts forever.
| جاودانه
92
# n.
Ethnicity
| eθˈnɪsəti
Cultural affiliation or uniqueness.
| وابستگی یا منحصر به فرد بودن فرهنگی.
93
# v.
Evaporate
To heat a liquid to its boiling point in order for it to become a vapor.
94
# v.
Excrete
## Footnote
Formal
To expel or discharge waste made from the body's metabolic processes.
| دفع کردن، بیرون انداختن، پس دادن
## Footnote
ریدن! این که دیگه ساده‌س دیگه
95
# Adj., v., n.
Exempt
| ɪɡˈzempt
**Adjective**
Not having to do something that everyone normally has the obligation to do.
**Verb (Trans)**
To pardon someone from doing something that everyone normally has the obligation to do.
**Noun**
A person of thing that does not have to do something that everyone normally has the obligation to do.
| عاری، ازاد، معاف، معاف کردن
96
# v.
Exhort
| ɪɡˈzɔːrt
## Footnote
Formal
To impel someone strongly and sincerely to perform something.
**SYN: Urge**
| تشویق و ترغیب کردن
## Footnote
Police exhorted the crowd to remain calm.
Mnemonic: Sure! For the word "exhort", which means to strongly encourage or urge someone to do something, you could use this.
Mnemonic: "**E**xit, **H**alt **OR** **T**ake action". This captures the idea that you are urging someone to do something - either to exit, to halt, or to take some action.
97
# n., v.
Exile
| ˈeɡzaɪl
**Noun**
Forced or unwilling absence for political or religious reasons from your home country.
**Verb (Trans)**
To make someone leave his or her home country as a punishment for doing
something.
| تبعید، نفی، جلای وظن، تبعید کردن
## Footnote
He **went into exile** to escape political imprisonment.
98
# Adj., n.
Exotic
**Adjective**
Extremely different usually because it is very colorful and thrilling; suggestive of different and distant nations and foreign cultures.
**Noun**
Someone or something that is exotic.
| بیگانه، خارجی، عجیب و غریب
99
# n.
Expedition
An outing taken by a group of people for a particular purpose to discover territory that is yet to be discovered, to perform scientific studies, or to attain military objectives.
100
# n.
Expertise
The ability, education, or view of someone who is an expert at something.
| خبرگی
101
# Adj.
Explicit
Showing all details in a clear and obvious way so that there will not be any confusion in the intended meaning.
| صریح، روشن، اشکار
102
Expression
An expression on a person's face that shows his thoughts or emotions.
| قیافه، عبارت، تجلی، ابراز، کلمه بندی
103
Expressly
## Footnote
Formal
With a specific and planned purpose or someone specific in mind.
| صریحا
104
Expulsion
Forcing someone to leave an educational institution or other type of organization.
| اخراج
105
# Adj. n.
Exterior
| ɪkˈsˈtɪriər
**Adjective**
At or for the outer part of something.
**Noun**
The outer part or coating of something.
106
# v.
Exterminate
To completely slay or **kill** a person or a thing.
| منقرض کردن، بکلی نابود کردن
## Footnote
Staff use the poison to exterminate moles and rabbits.
کارکنان از این سم برای از بین بردن خال ها و خرگوش ها استفاده می کنند.
107
# n., Adj.
External
Adjective
Occurring on, or stemming from the outer part of something.
Noun
The exterior appearance of person or a thing, especially when it is not thought to be a real indication of the person or thing's actual nature.
108
Factor
| ˈfækt**ə**r
1. A thing that adds to of has the ability to sway the outcome of something.
2. A level or degree of something.
109
# v., n.
Fade
**Verb (Trans & Intrans)**
To gradually lose or make something lose luster, color, or intensity.
**Noun**
A short period of time in which something slowly becomes less bright, less
noisy, and less clear.
110
# n., Adj., v.
Fake
**Noun**
A person or thing that is not authentic but seems to be or is presented as being authentic.
**Adjective**
Not authentic or real, but meant to be thought of as authentic or real.
**Verb (Trans & Intrans)**
To falsely present or make something and declare that it is authentic when it is not in reality.
| تقلید، فریب دهنده، ساختگی، جعل، وانمود کردن
111
# n.
Famine
| ˈfæmɪn
A severe lack of food that results in widespread starvation.
| قحط و غلا، قحطی، تنگ سالی، کمیابی
## Footnote
A million people are **facing famine**.
112
# n.
Fanatic
| fəˈnætɪk
A person who has intense and at times
unreasonable enthusiasms or thoughts.
**SYN: extremist, enthusiast**
| متعصب
## Footnote
* a **fitness** fanatic
* a **religious fanatic**
Mnemonic: "**F**an **A**t **N**ine, **A**lways **T**alking". This conjures the image of a sports or music fan who is so enthusiastic that they are still talking about their passion at nine o'clock, and always talking about it.
113
# n.
Fare
Noun
The fee that is charged to a person for a journey.
114
# Adj., n.
Fatal
| ˈfeɪtl
**Adjective**
Capable of causing death or leading to death.
**Noun**
An example of death like one caused by a car, plan or other mode of
transportation.
| مصیبت امیز، کشنده، مهلک، وخیم، مرگبار
115
Fatality
A death that is the result of an accident or tragedy.
116
# v., n.
Fault
**Noun**
Blame taken for a mistake, failure, or act of illegal behavior.
**Verb (Trans & Intrans)**
To accuse, pass judgment, or find fault within a person or a thing.
| مقصر دانستن، گناه
117
Fiction
Stories and written works that portray make believe or imaginary people and occurrences.
| تخیلی
118
# Adj.
Fictitious
Describes something that is neither true nor genuine because it has the intention of deceit.
SYN: imaginary
| خیالی، جعلی، ساختگی، موهوم
119
# Adj
Fierce
| fɪrs
Typified by or expressing anger or violent behavior.
| بی امان، خشم الود
## Footnote
**fierce competition** between the companies
Mnemonic: "Fear In Eyes, Roaring Cat Emerges". This creates an image of a fierce, roaring cat, which can help you remember the meaning of "fierce".
120
Finale
| fɪˈnæli
A scene that symbolizes the end of a performance.
121
Fiscal
Pertaining to financial matters.
122
Flawed
| flɒːd
Damages or defective.
| خدشه، عیب دار کردن
123
Flora
All of the plant life found in a specific area or ear.
## Footnote
Tourism is damaging the **flora and fauna** (=plants and animals) of the island.
گردشگری به گیاهان و جانوران (=گیاهان و جانوران) جزیره آسیب می رساند.
124
# Adj.
Florid
1. Having an ill-looking brightly pink or red skin tone.
2. Extremely elaborate and complex in generally style and wording. **has a lot of extra unnecessary details or decorations**
| پوشیده از گل، گلگون، سلیس وشیوا
: سرخ، (هنر) پر تزیین و تصنع،
## Footnote
a book written in a very florid style
125
# n.
Foe
A rival or enemy of a person or a thing.
| دشمن، مخالف
## Footnote
Britain’s friends and foes
126
# Adj.
Foreign
Pertaining to, coming from, or located within a nation or nations that are not your own.
127
# n., v.
Forge
| fɔːrdʒ
## Footnote
**Important**
**Noun**
A place where metal is heated to a very high temperature and then shaped into certain figures by the use of a hammer.
**Verb (Trans & Intrans)**
1. To create of produce an illegal duplicate of something that looks authentic so that financial gain can be made.
2. To attempt to create something with a lot of effort.
| جعل، کوره اهنگری، کوبیدن، ساختن، جعل کردن، جلو رفتن
## Footnote
Crowds of people forged through the streets towards the embassy.
انبوهی از مردم در خیابان ها به سمت سفارت حرکت کردند.
He **forged into the lead** in the fourth set.
128
Fortitude
Patience and strength in a hard or dreadful event.
SYN: strength
| بردباری
## Footnote
Winnie is a woman of quiet fortitude who has endured a lot of suffering.
وینی زنی آرام است که رنج های زیادی را متحمل شده است.
129
# Adj., n.
Foul
| faʊl
**Adjective**
Sickened or revolted to the senses.
SYN: disgusting
**Noun**
An illegal action taken again a play of the opposite team that breaks the rules or regulation of the sport being played.
## Footnote
He put down his mug of **foul-tasting** coffee.
130
Fraction
A number that is not a whole number and is formed by dividing one number into another.
131
Fracture
**Noun**
1. A break or fissure in a bone.
2. Breaking something.
**Verb (Trans & Intrans)**
To **split** or break something like a bone.
| شکست، شکستگی، ترک، شکاف، انکسار، شکستن، شکافتن، گسیختن
## Footnote
The opposition has been fractured by bitter disputes.
اپوزیسیون به دلیل اختلافات تلخ از هم جدا شده است.
132
Fragile
| ˈfrædʒəl
Weak; not strong.
133
# n.
Fragrance
An enjoyable sweet smell.
SYN: scent
| رایحه
## Footnote
the rich fragrance of a garden flower
134
Frame
**Noun**
A structure that is made up or solid parts and is used to support something which has been constructed on top of it or around it.
**Verb (Trans)**
To support a picture in a frame.
135
Framework
1. A system of interconnected horizontal and vertical bars that have spaces in between them.
2. The basis or outline for something that is made up a set of idea, theories, rules, or opinions.
136
# Adj.
Fraudulent
| ˈfrɒːdʒələnt
Created to deceive people by being dishonest, unfair, or untrue.
| متقلب، چیز تقلبی، حیله گر، کلاه بردار، فریب امیز، گول زن
## Footnote
a **fraudulent** insurance **claim**
137
Free market
Operating trade without government control
138
# n., v., adj.
Front
Noun
The section that faces forward and is intended to be the most important part. Adjective
Located at, on, or near the front of something.
Verb (Trans & Intrans)
To have a front that faces towards something.
## Footnote
The hotel entrance **fronted onto** a busy road.
ورودی هتل رو به جاده ای شلوغ بود.
139
# Adj.
Frugal
Typified by being frugal and avoiding any sort of waste.
**OPP: extravagant**
| با صرفه، اندک، صرفه جو، مقتصد، میانه رو
140
Fungus
## Footnote
plural **fungi** /-dʒaɪ, -ɡaɪ/ or **funguses**
An organism, that can be multicellular, does not have chlorophyll and produces spores in order to reproduce.
141
Funnel
| **ˈfʌnl**
**Noun**
A utensil that is shaped like a cone with a big opening at the top and a little opening at the bottom and is used to direct fluids into containers.
**Verb (Trans & Intrans)**
To lead or move something into and through a constricted space.
## Footnote
His office funneled millions of dollars in secret contributions to the re-election campaign.
142
# n.
Furnace
| ˈfɜːrnɪs
An enclosed technological structure where heat is made by the burning of fuel in order to warm a house or other type of building or to melt a metal.
| دیگ، پاتیل، کوره، تنور، بوته آزمایش، گرم کردن، مشتعل کردن
143
Galaxy
The assembly of billions or stars, planets, gasses, and dust that occurs over many thousand of light years that forms a segment of the universe.
144
# n., v.
Gear
| **ɡɪr**
**Noun**
An engineering device that sends out motion from one part to another part for doing a particular purpose.
**Verb (Trans)**
In the engineering sense, this means to provide something with gears.
| دنده دار کردن
145
Geese
A big waterfowl that has a long neck and webbed feet; it has a very specific honking sound.
## Footnote
the plural of goose
146
# n., v.
Gel
| dʒel
**Noun**
A partially solid combination of small fragments of solid in a fluid.
**Verb (Trans)**
To become partially solid or gel like.
147
Gender
The sex of a person or organism.
148
Geometry
The area of mathematics that deals with the properties and relationships of points, lines, angles, curves, surfaces, and solids.
149
# n.
Glacier
| ˈɡleɪʃər
A large mass of ice that constantly gathers more ice and snow over time
and moves slowly.
| یخچال طبیعی
150
Gorilla
Indigenous to central Africa, the biggest ape with a small but extremely strong body and rough dark hair.
151
# n., v.
Grip
**Noun**
An act of grasping or keeping a rigid hold of something.
**Verb (Trans & Intrans)**
To grasp or keep a rigid hold or something.
| چنگ، چنگ زنی، ادراک و دریافت، محکم گرفتن
## Footnote
a country gripped by economic problems
152
# n., Adj., v.
Ground
## Footnote
**Important**
**Noun**
1. The exterior surface of the land.
2. Dirt of earth.
**Adjective**
Occurring, living, or working on the ground.
**Verb (Trans)**
To teach someone the fundamentals of something.
| زمین، خاک، اساس، میدان، اساسی، بزمین نشستن، اصول نخستین را یاد دادن
## Footnote
His fiscal strategy is firmly grounded in Keynesian economics
استراتژی مالی او کاملاً در اقتصاد کینزی استوار است
153
# Adj.
Gullible
| ˈɡʌləbəl
Easily duped or tricked because you the person tends to trust and have faith in people.
**گاگول**
## Footnote
Plastic replicas of the Greek pottery are sold to gullible tourists.
ماکت های پلاستیکی سفال یونانی به گردشگران ساده لوح فروخته می شود.
154
Gymnast
| ˈdʒɪmnəst
A person that performs gymnastics well.
155
Habitat
| ˈhæbətæt
The normal conditions and environment in which plants and animals live.
| زیستگاه
156
Habitation
The occupation of a place by people or animals.
| زیستگاه
157
# n.
Hallmark
| ˈhɒːlmɑːrk
A sign that shows the high quality of something.
| نشان عیار
158
Hamster
A small rodent with a short tail and large cheek pouches for storing food.
159
# n., v.
Handicap
| ˈhændikæp
**Noun**
Something that is disadvantageous or hinders a person or another thing.
**Verb (Trans)**
To be disadvantageous or hinder a person or a thing.
| معلول، مانع، نقص، اشکال، اوانس، امتیاز به طرف ضعیف در بازی، امتیاز دادن
## Footnote
The charity is handicapped by lack of funds.
160
Hard-edge
Describes something that has a distinctive outline.
| چارچوب
## Footnote
a hard-edged collection of songs
161
# n., v.
Harness
**Noun**
A set of leather traps that are placed together and fitted on a house to then be able to attach a cart or carriage to it.
**Verb (Trans)**
To place a harness on an animal.
| دهنه، افسار، تحت کنترل دراوردن، مهار کردن، افسار زدن، مطیع کردن
162
# n.
Haven
| ˈheɪvən
A place sought after for relaxation, protection, or shelter.
| گاه، بندرگاه، پناهگاه، جای امن
## Footnote
The riverbanks are a haven for wildlife.
سواحل رودخانه پناهگاهی برای حیات وحش است.
Mnemonic: "Home, A Very Enjoyable Nest". This image of a home being a safe and enjoyable nest-like place can help you remember the meaning of "haven".
163
# n., Adj.
Havoc
| ˈhævək
**Noun**
Extensive destruction, devastation, and harm.
**SYN: chaos**
**Adjective**
Hard to manage, control, or instruct.
| خرابی عظیم، بی نظمی، الم شنگه، با خاک یکسان شده
## Footnote
policies that would wreak havoc on the country’s economy
سیاست هایی که به اقتصاد کشور آسیب وارد می کند
Mnemonic: "Huge Avalanches Very Often Create". This paints a vivid image of the destruction that an avalanche can cause, reminiscent of the chaos implied by "havoc".
164
# Adj.
Hazardous
| ˈhæzərdəs
Possibly dangerous to human beings or the natural environment
## Footnote
The chemicals in paint can be **hazardous *to* health**.
165
# n.
Height
| haɪt
The distance between
lowest point and highest point.
166
# n., v.
Helicopter
| ˈheləkɒ:ptər
**Noun**
A type of aircraft that moves us using large blades called rotors that spin around and above it.
**Verb (Trans)**
To fly or be transported in a helicopter.
167
# n., v.
Hem
| hem
**Noun**
something that is made of cloth; it is created by creasing the fabric over and stitching it down on one side.
**Verb (Trans & Intrans)**
To crease over and stitch the fabric down in order to make a hem on a piece of cloth.
168
# Adj.
Hereditary
| həˈredətəri
Something that is capable of being passed genetically from one generation to the next.
169
# n.
Heritage
| ˈherətɪdʒ
The position, state, or personality obtained by being born into a specific family or social class.
| میراث
## Footnote
the importance of preserving the national heritage
اهمیت حفظ میراث ملی
170
# n.
Hexagon
| ˈheksəɡɑːn
A two dimensional figure made up of six sides.
171
# n.
Hierarchy
| ˈha:ɪrɑːki
A group or association whose members are ranked according to power and position.
| سلسله مراتب
172
# n., v.
Highlight
| ˈhaɪlaɪt
**Noun**
The most unforgettable, significant, or thrilling part of an event or occurrence.
**Verb (Trans)**
To attract attention to something, or make something predominantly important or obvious.
173
# n.
Hockey
| ˈhɑːki
A sport played on ice between two teams made up of six different players.
174
# n.
Homicide
| ˈhɒ:mɪsaɪd
The event of illegally killing or murdering another person.
175
# n.
Hormone
| ˈhɔːrmoʊn
A chemical substance made in the endocrine glands of the body or other cells that regulates the metabolism of the body.
176
# Adj.
Horrendous
| hɒ:ˈrendəs
Extremely horrible, scary, or outrageous at to incite horror.
**SYN: horrific**
| مهیب، دهشتناک، ترسناک و حشت اور
## Footnote
She suffered horrendous injuries.
177
# Adj.
Hospitable
| ˈhɒ:spɪtəbəl
Hospitable, friendly, and kind to strangers or visitors.
178
# n.
Hostility
| hɒ:ˈstɪləti
An emotion or opinion of loathing, antagonism, hostility, or rage toward a person.
| خصومت
## Footnote
Pictures of refugees aroused popular hostility (=felt by a lot of people) towards the war.
تصاویر پناهندگان خشم عمومی را نسبت به جنگ برانگیخت.
179
# n., Ad.
Household
| ˈhaʊshoʊld
**Noun**
The members of a home that live together.
**Adjective**
Pertaining to, belonging to, or used in a home.
| اهل خانه، خانوار
180
# n.
Hue
| hjuː
A color
Hue is used to **distinguish one color from another**. Technically, it involves primary colors (red, yellow, blue). However, secondary colors (green, orange, purple) are also considered hues. If that’s not confusing enough, tertiary colors (yellow-orange, red-orange, red-purple, blue-purple, blue-green, yellow-green) are considered hues as well.
## Footnote
political opinions of every hue
181
# v., n.
Hum
| hʌm
**Verb (Trans & Intrans)**
To sing without using words and having your lips pursed or closed, or to sing a song in this way.
**Noun**
A constant dull noise. Interjection A low or soft noise produced to show displeasure, uncertainty, shock, or indecisiveness.
| وزوز کردن، زمزمه کردن، همهمه کردن
## Footnote
The streets were humming with life.
خیابان ها غرق در زندگی و همهمه بود.
182
# n., Adj.
Humanitarian
| hjuːˌmænəˈteəriən
**Adjective**
Dedicated to making the lives of people better.
**Noun**
Someone who is dedicated to making the lives of people better.
| بشردوست
183
Hypotenuse
| ha:ɪˈpɒ:tənuːz
The side opposite the right angle of a triangle, or the longest side of a right triangle.
184
# n.
Hypothesis
| ha:ɪˈpɒ:θəsɪs
A tentative explanation for a phenomenon, which is then used for the basis for additional investigation.
185
# Adj.
Identical
| aɪˈdentɪkəl
Being the same person or thing even though it may not appear that way.
| یکسان
186
# v.
Identify
| aɪˈdentɪfaɪ
To name and recognize a person or a thing and to be able to state exactly what the person or thing is.
| تمیز دادن، شناختن
187
# Adj., N., v.
Idle
| ˈaɪdl
**Adjective:**
Not functioning, producing, working, or in use.
**Noun:**
The velocity of a car's engine that is in use but does not actually run because it is not in gear.
**Verb (Trans & Intrans):**
To be lazy or slothful and avoid doing work, or to waste time being lazy and not doing anything.
| تنبل، بیخود، تنبل شدن، وقت تلف کردن کار کردن، هرز گردیدن یا گرداندن
188
# n.
Iguana
| ɪˈɡwɑːnə
A tropical lizard native to South and Central America that is very large and eats plants; it is characterized by having a serrated fringe running along its back from its head to its tail.
189
# Adj., n.
Illiterate
| ɪˈlɪtərət
**Adjective:**
A term that describes people who cannot read or write and is made to be an offensive remark.
**Noun:**
An offensive term for someone who is not educated.
| بی سواد، عام، عامی، درس نخوانده.**بی ادبانه س کلا**
190
# v.
Illuminate
| ɪˈluːməneɪt
To light something up in order to make it visible.
191
Illusionary
A thing that tricks the mind by seeming to exist when in reality it does not exist.
| توهمی
192
# Adj.
Illusory
| ɪˈluːsəri
## Footnote
Formal
Made by, based on, or made up of an illusion.
| گمراه کننده
## Footnote
First impressions can often prove illusory.
193
# Adj.
Immediate
| ɪˈmiːdiət
Occurring or done without any delay.
194
# Adj.
Immoral
| ɪˈmɔːrəl
Differing from traditional ethical principles.
| بد اخلاق، فاسد
## Footnote
It’s immoral to be rich while people are starving and homeless.
ثروتمند بودن در حالی که مردم گرسنه و بی خانمان هستند غیراخلاقی است.
195
# n., v.
Impact
| ˈɪmpækt
**Noun**
The act of objects hitting each other.
**Verb (Trans & Intrans)**
To hit something with strength.
196
# v.
Impart
| ɪmˈpɑːrt
## Footnote
Formal
To convey knowledge or information.
| سهم دادن، رساندن، بیان کردن، افشاء کردن، ابلاغ کردن، بهرهمند ساختن
## Footnote
Use a piece of fresh ginger to impart a Far Eastern flavour to simple ingredients.
از یک تکه زنجبیل تازه برای دادن طعم خاور دور به مواد ساده استفاده کنید.
197
# Adv.
Impartiality
| ɪmˈpɑːrʃəli
Not favoring, being partial to, or being interested in one person or side of something.
**SYN: fair**
**OPP: biased**
| منصفانه، بیطرفانه
198
# Adj.
Impatient
| ɪmˈpeɪʃənt
Bothered because you are either delayed or kept waiting.
| مشتاق، بی تاب، بی حوصله، بی صبر
199
# v.
Impede
| ɪmˈpiːd
To meddle with the advancement, improvement, or progress of a person or a thing.
| باز داشتن، مانع شدن، ممانعت کردن، مشکل کردن
## Footnote
Storms at sea **impeded** our **progress**.
