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Clinical Methods > 2.02 - Phonology > Flashcards

2.02 - Phonology Flashcards

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0
Q

What is Phonology?

A

The sound system of a language

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1
Q

What is Articulation?

A

The motor production of sound

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2
Q

If a client has difficulty producing sounds correctly, then they have a ___________.

A

Articulation disorder

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3
Q

If a client is having difficulty acquiring a phonological system then they client has a ________.

A

Phonological disorder

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4
Q

What is the primary focus on Articulation Therapy?

A

Motor practice

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5
Q

What is the primary focus in Phonology Therapy?

A

Teaching feature contrasts

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6
Q

What are Descriptions & Demonstrations? What can this accomplish?

A

Describing and demonstrating the production of the sound

This can heighten the clients awareness of selected characteristics of speech

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7
Q

What are Metaphors?

A

Comparing an aspect of speech to something (that is not speech related)

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8
Q

What are Touch/Tactile Cues?

A

Movements made by the clinician or client that draw the clients attention to how a characteristic of sound is produced

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9
Q

What is Imitation?

A

The client repeats the clinician

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10
Q

What is Phonetic Placement?

A

Teaching the lingual and labial placement for sound

Teaching where to put the tongue and lips to produce a sound

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11
Q

What is Shaping?

A

Using a sound the client already knows to produce a new sound

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12
Q

What are three aspects to remediation of phonological disorders?

A

Phonological processes

Distinctive features

Paired oppositions (minimal or maximal)

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13
Q

Phonological processes are strategies used by young, typically developing children to _________.

A

Simplify the production of adult speech sounds

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14
Q

When do phonological processes typically disappear?

A

4 1/2 years

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15
Q

What two things are common in children with phonological disorders?

A

The use of phonological processes longer when compared to peers of the same age

The use of non-developmental processes

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16
Q

What is Unstressed Syllable Deletion?

A

Deleting unstressed syllables

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17
Q

What is Final Consonant Deletion?

A

Deleting the final consonant

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18
Q

What is Reduplication?

A

Repeating a simplified syllable

/wawa/ for “water”

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19
Q

What is Consonant Harmony/Assimilation?

A

Reduplicating a consonant instead of producing two unique consonants

/dʌd/ for “duck”

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20
Q

What is Cluster Reduction?

A

Simplifying consonant clusters

/tʌk/ for “truck”

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21
Q

What is Metathesis?

A

Switching sounds around within a word

/æmɪnəl/ for “animal”

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22
Q

What is Epenthesis?

A

Separating consonant clusters with /ə/

/bəlæk/ for “black”

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23
Q

What is Velar Fronting?

A

Substituting a velar stop for an alveolar stop

/tɑr/ for “car”

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24
What is Backing?
Substituting the place of production for one further back in the mouth /kʌn/ for "sun"
25
What is Depalatalization?
Substituting a non-palatal sound for a palatal one /yʌmp/ for "jump" /fɪs/ for "fish"
26
What is Stopping?
Substituting a stop in place of a fricative
27
What is Gliding?
Substituting a glide for a liquid /weɪk/ for "rake"
28
What is Devoicing?
Substituting an unvoiced consonant for one that is voiced /sæt/ for "sad"
29
What is Prevocalic Voicing?
Voicing consonants that come before vowels /gaʊ/ for "cow"
30
What phonological processes should be suppressed (dropped) by age 3? (3)
Final consonant deletion Assimilation Syllable deletion
31
What phonological processes should be dropped after 3? | 6
Fronting Stopping Gliding Cluster reduction Metathesis Epenthesis
32
What are less common phonological processes? | 2
Metathesis Epenthesis
33
What are Uncommon Phonological Processes? | 3
Initial Consonant Deletion Backing Glottal Substitution
34
We should target phonological processes that occur ___% of the time.
40%
35
We should target phonological processes that ___________ and/or ___________.
Should have disappeared by the child's current age (developmental approach) Contribute to unintelligibility (client specific approach)
36
The goal of intervention for a child with a phonological disorder is to teach them _______ and to decrease their use of ______.
Distinctive features missing Phonological processes
37
What are five approaches commonly used in phonological therapy?
Traditional Motor-Kinesthetic Distinctive Features Minimal Pairs/Contrastive Approach Phonological Processes (Cycles Approach)
38
Who is the Phonological/Cycles Approach usually used with?
Children with several processes
39
Which approach tends to be the best for children with phonological disorders?
The Phonological/Cycles approach with the other 4 in mind
40
What are Distinctive Features? | 3
Articulatory patterns Acoustic properties of sound Binary features (presence or absence of a feature)
41
What is a normal phonemic inventory for a child who is 1;6-2;0? (3)
/p/ & /b/ /t/ & /d/ /m/ & /n/
42
What are normal phonemic categories for a child who is 1;6-2;0? (3)
Anteriors Not Continuants Not Vocalics
43
What is a normal phonemic inventory for a child who is 2;0-2;6? (4)
All stops All nasals /h/ /w/
44
What are normal phonemic categories for a child who is 2;0-2;6? (2)
Not Stridents Not Vocalics
45
What are Vocalics? | 2
Sounds where the oral cavity is less than what is required for the high vowels (/i/ & /u/) Liquids - All
46
What are Consonantals? | 6
Sounds with marked constriction to the midline region of the vocal tract Stops excepting /Ɂ/ Fricatives excepting /h/ Affricates - All Nasals - All Liquids - All
47
What are High Phonemes? | 6
Ones where the body of the tongue is raised above neutral /k/ & /g/ /ʃ/ & /ʒ/ /ʧ/ & /ʤ/ /ŋ/ Glides - All
48
What are Back Phonemes? | 4
Ones where the body of the tongue is retracted behind neutral /k/ & /g/ /ŋ/ /w/
49
What are Low Phonemes? | 3
Ones where the body of the tongue is lowered below neutral /Ɂ/ /h/
50
What are Anterior Phonemes? | 5
The point of constriction is further forward than that needed for /ʃ/ Stops - Except Velars & /Ɂ/ Fricatives - Except Palatals & /h/ /m/ & /n/ /l/
51
What are Coronals? | 6
Phonemes where the tongue blade is elevated towards the alveolar ridge or palate /t/ & /d/ Fricatives - Except Labiodentals & /h/ Affricates - All /n/ & /ŋ/ Liquids - All
52
What are Unvoiced Phonemes?
Those produced without voicing
53
What are Continuants? | 5
Those produced with partial constriction of the oral cavity. This allows the sound to be sustained in a steady state /Ɂ/ Fricatives - All Liquids - All Glides - All
54
What are Nasals?
Sounds where the velum is lowered to allow the sound stream to escape through the nose /m/, /n/, & /ŋ/
55
What are Stridents? | 3
Turbulent noise created by a rapid airflow through a small opening Fricatives - Except /h/ Affricates - All
56
What is Distinctive Features Treatment? | 2
The clinician selects a feature for training The clinician presents syllable and/or word pairs that contrast this feature with the absence of the feature
57
What is the flow of Distinctive Features Treatment? | 4
Auditory Discrimination (can difference be perceived) Production in isolation Production in syllables Production in conversation
58
What is the Minimal Pairs Treatment Approach?
Using contrasts to facilitate the perception and production of the feature using word pairs
59
What are Minimal Pairs?
Pairs the differ in only one feature "bee" versus "pea"
60
What are Maximal Pairs?
Pairs that differ in many features "pea" versus "me"
61
What is an example of a Minimal Pair to contrast Final Consonant Deletion?
"play" versus "plate"
62
What is an example of a Minimal Pair to contrast Gliding?
"ring" versus "wing"
63
What is an example of a Minimal Pair to contrast Stopping?
"sew" versus "toe"
64
What is another word for "Stopping"?
Stridency Deletion
65
What is an example of a Minimal Pair to contrast Consonant Cluster Reduction?
"play" versus "pay" "blow" versus "bow"
66
What is an example of a Minimal Pair to contrast Fronting?
"guy" versus "dye"
67
What is another word for "Fronting"?
Velar Deficiency
68
What is the most widely used phonological process approach?
Phonological Processes Cycle's Approach
69
In the Phonological Processes Cycle's Approach, what guides when you change treatment targets?
Time
70
What does the Phonological Processes Cycle's Approach reduplicate?
The gradual nature of articulation and phonological acquisition
71
What does "cycle" refer to in "Phonological Processes Cycle's Approach"?
The time period during which all error patterns that need remediation are facilitated in succession Week 1 = Target 1 Week 2 = Target 2 Week 3 = Target 3 Week 4 = Target 1 Etc.
72
What treatment activities are used in the Phonological Processes Cycle's Approach? (2)
Auditory bombardment Drill play
73
What age is Stage 1 of Phonological Development usually seen?
0-12 months
74
What is the primary focus of intervention during Stage 1 of Phonological Development?
Facilitating the practice of vocal skills that will be the basis for later speech development (CV, CVC)
75
What age is Stage 2 of Phonological Development usually seen?
12-24 months
76
What is the primary focus of intervention during Stage 2 of Phonological Development?
Facilitating the acquisition of sounds and syllables in specific words No syllable reduction
77
What age is Stage 3 of Phonological Development usually seen?
2-5 years
78
What is the primary focus of intervention during Stage 3 of Phonological Development?
Facilitating the elimination of errors affecting classes or sounds
79
What age is Stage 4 of Phonological Development usually seen?
5+ years
80
What is the primary focus of intervention during Stage 4 of Phonological Development?
Facilitating the elimination of errors affecting - Late-acquired consonants - Clusters - Unstressed syllables (especially in difficult, multisyllabic words)

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