2024 Flashcards
learn shit
1
Q
define meningismus
A
the clinical syndrome of headache, neck stiffness, and photophobia, often with nausea and vomiting
2
Q
causes of meningismus
A
most often caused by inflammation of the meninges, but other causes include raised intracranial pressure
3
Q
what is encephalopathy?
A
a group of conditions that cause brain dysfunction. Brain dysfunction can appear as confusion, memory loss, personality changes and/or coma in the most severe form.
4
Q
causes of encephalopathy
A
include infection, exposure to toxins, an underlying condition and more.
5
Q
difference between encephalopathy and encephalitis
A
In encephalitis, the brain itself is swollen or inflamed. Encephalopathy refers to the mental state that can happen because of several types of health problems.
6
Q
what is rhabdomyolysis?
A
A breakdown of muscle tissue that releases a damaging protein into the blood.
This muscle tissue breakdown results in the release of a protein (myoglobin) into the blood. Myoglobin can damage the kidneys.
7
Q
symptoms of rhabdomyolysis?
A
dark, reddish urine, decreased urine output, weakness and muscle aches.
8
Q
cranial nerve I name
A
olfactory
9
Q
cranial nerve II name
A
optic
10
Q
cranial nerve III name
A
oculomotor
11
Q
cranial nerve IV name
A
trochlear
12
Q
cranial nerve V name
A
trigeminal
13
Q
cranial nerve VI name
A
abducens
14
Q
cranial nerve VII name
A
facial
15
Q
cranial nerve VIII name
A
vestibulocochlear
16
Q
cranial nerve IX name
A
glossopharyngeal
17
Q
cranial nerve X name
A
vagus
18
Q
cranial nerve XI name
A
spinal accessory
19
Q
cranial nerve XII name
A
hypoglossal
20
Q
cranial nerve I function
A
smell
21
Q
cranial nerve II function
A
visual acuity and field
22
Q
cranial nerve III function
A
eye & eyelid movement, pupil size and reactivity
23
Q
cranial nerve IV function
A
eye movement - down and lateral
24
Q
cranial nerve V function
A
chewing and facial sensation
25
cranial nerve VI function
lateral eye movement
26
cranial nerve VII function
facial expressions
27
cranial nerve VIII function
hearing and balance
28
cranial nerve IX function
gagging and swallowing
29
cranial nerve X function
pharynx/larynx sensation/gag
30
cranial nerve XI function
head and shoulder movement
31
cranial nerve XII function
tongue movement
32
which cranial nerves are sensory only?
I
II
VIII
33
which cranial nerves are motor only?
III
IV
VI
XI
XII
34
which cranial nerves are both motor and sensory
V
VII
IX
X
35
how to assess cranial nerve I
have pt identify scent with eyes closed
36
how to assess cranial nerve II
visual field test and visual acuity test
37
how to assess cranial nerve III
use pen torch to assess PEARL
38
how to assess cranial nerve IV
ask pt to follow movement of pen with eyes - move down and laterally
39
how to assess cranial nerve V
have pt close eyes, touch cheeks, chin and forehead with cotton ball and notify you when they feel sensation
40
how to assess cranial nerve VI
ask patient to follow pen movement laterally and diagonally
41
how to assess cranial nerve VII
ask patient to frown, smile, raise eyebrows, puff cheeks, close eyes tightly
42
how to assess cranial nerve VIII
occlude one ear, whisper in the other and have patient repeat
assess gait for balance
43
how to assess cranial nerve IX
assess for upward movement of soft palate during yawn and saying ah
assess swallow
44
how to assess cranial nerve X
use tongue blade to touch posterior pharynx, assess for gag reflex followed by swallowing
45
how to assess cranial nerve XI
ask patient to shrug shoulders and turn head against resistance
46
how to assess cranial nerve XII
ask patient to poke out tongue and move from side to side
47
anatomical divisions of the nervous system?
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
48
physiological divisions of the nervous system?
aka the divisions of the peripheral nervous system
autonomic/involuntary nervous system
somatic/voluntary nervous system
49
what are the cns and pns comprised of?
the cns comprises the brain and spinal caord
the pns comprises the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
50
divide the brain by fossa
anterior fossa contains the frontal lobe
middle fossa contains parietal, temporal and occipital lobes
the posterior fossa contains the brainstem and cerebellum
51
the three major parts of the brain are the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. what do they contain?
cerebrum: the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus and basal ganglia
the brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
the cerebellum: just itself. much smaller than the rest of the brain but contains more than half of the neurons in the body
52
the developmental division of the brain organises the brain into three regions. what are they and what are they associated with?
forebrain or prosencephalon
midbrain or mesencephanlon
hindbrain or rhombencephalon
53
main functions of the forebrain:
processes sensory information
regulates autonomic, endocrine and motor function
higher reasoning
54
functions of the midbrain:
regulates movement, auditory and visual processing
55
functions of the hindbrain
autonomic functions such as respiratory regulation and sleep
coordinates movement,
relays sensory information
balance and equilibrium
56
what is the corpus callosum?
band of fibres between the left and right hemispheres
57
what are the main structures of the forebrain?
the telencephalon, the diencepahlon, cranial nerves I and II and the lateral and third ventricles
58
what are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?
frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal
59
what are gyri?
folded bulges of the cerebral cortex that create the indentations of the brain
60
what are the major structures of the telencephalon?
the cerebral cortex, so therefore the four lobes of the brain
61
what are the frontal lobes responsible for?
voluntary muscle movement, memory, higher order thinking,
decision-making and planning
62
what are the three divisions of the frontal lobes?
the prefrontal cortex, premotor area and motor area
63
what are the occipital lobes responsible for?
receiving and processing visual information
64
what are the parietal lobes responsible for?
receiving and processing sensory information
65
what is the somatosensory cortex and where is it found?
the area of the brain which processes touch sensations, found in the parietal lobes
66
what are the occipital lobes responsible for?
receiving and processing visual information from the retina
67
what are the temporal lobes responsible for?
organising sensory input
aiding in auditory perception
memory formation
language and speech production
68
what structures are found in the temporal lobes?
those of the limbic system, including the amygdala and the hippocampus
69
what is the diencephalon?
the region of the brain that relays sensory information and connects the endocrine system and the nervous system
70
what do the components of the diencephalon include?
the thalamus, hypothalamus and pituitary gland
71
what is the thalamus?
part of the limbic system, it connects areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord
plays a role in the control of sleep and wake cycles.
72
what is the hypothalamus?
the control centre for many autonomic functions including respiration, blood pressure, and body temperature regulation
also a part of the endocrine system, it secretes hormones that act on the pituitary gland, regulating metabolism, growth and the development of the reproductive system
part of the limbic system, it is involved in emotional responses through its influence on the pituitary gland, the autonomic nervous system and the skeletal muscle system
73
what is the pineal gland?
part of the CNS and endocrine systems, it secretes melatonin
also involved in regulating hormonal functions
74
what is the midbrain?
the uppermost section of the brainstem
75
what are the main structures of the midbrain?
the tectum which is comprised of the superior and inferior colliculi
the tegmentum and the crus cerebri which make up the cerebral
still finishing the answer to this question
76
what is the deep fissure that separates the two hemispheres of the brain called?
tremendous longitudinal fissure
77
what is the role of the corpus callosum?
communication between the two hemispheres
78
what separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes?
the lateral sulcus aka the lateral fissure of sylvius
79
what separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
the central sulcus aka the central fissure of rolando
80
what is another name for the gyri?
convolutions
81
what are the three types of myelinated nerve fibres in the brain?
transverse (comissural) fibres that connect the two hemispheres (corpus callosum is the largest commisure)
projection fibres (connect the cerebral cortex with the lower portion of the brain and spinal cord)
association fibres (connect areas within the same hemispheres)
82
what is the optic chiasm?
the part of the brain where the optic nerves cross
83
where is the optic chiasm found in the brain?
the base of the brain, inferior to the hypothalamus, approximately 10mm superior to the pituitary gland in the suprasellar cistern
84
what is the foramen magnum?
the large, oval shaped opening in the occiptal bone of the skull through which the spinal cord exits the cranial cavity
85
what is athetosis?
a symptom usually of the hands, fingers, feet and toes typified by sinuous, slow, irregular and involuntary movements, such as the distal limb dystonia seen sometimes in cerebral palsy (can also affect limbs, tongue, and neck)
86
what is chorea?
an abnormal involuntary movement disorder, affecting the arms, legs and facial muscles causing unpredictable and quick "dancing" movements
87
how many vertebrae are there in the spine?
33 (26 if you count the fused ones as one each)
C 1-7
T 1-12
L 1-5
S 1-5 (fused)
Cx 4 (fused)
88
what are the C1 and C2 vertebrae also known as?
the atlas and the axis
89
C2 myotome
cervical flexion
90
C3 myotome
cervical lateral flexion
91
C4 myotome
shoulder elevation
92
C5 myotome
shoulder abduction
93
C6 myotome
elbow flexion and wrist extension
94
C7 myotome
wrist flexion and elbow extension
95
C8 myotome
thumb extension and ulnar deviation
96
T1 myotome
finger abduction
97
L2 myotome
hip flexion
98
L3 myotome
knee extension
99
L4 myotome
ankle dorsiflexion
100
L5 myotome
big toe extension
101
S1 myotome
ankle plantarflexion
102
S2 myotome
knee flexion
103
dermatomes: back of head abutting trigeminal region
C2 dermatome
104
dermatomes:
upper and lower neck, including above clavicle
C3, C4
105
dermatomes: clavicle
C5
106
dermatomes: lateral parts of upper limbs
C5, C6, C7
107
dermatomes: medial sides of upper limbs
C8, T1
108
dermatomes: thumb
C6
109
dermatomes: hand
C6, C7, C8
110
dermatomes: ring and little fingers
C8
111
dermatomes: level of nipples
T4
112
dermatomes: level of umbilicus
T10
113
dermatomes: inguinal/groin regions
T12
114
dermatomes: anterior and inner surfaces of lower limbs
L1, L2, L3, L4
115
dermatomes: foot
L4, L5, S1
116
dermatomes: medial side of big toe
L4
117
dermatomes: posterior and outer surfaces of lower limbs
L5, S1, S2
118
dermatomes: lateral margin of foot and little toe
S1
119
dermatomes: perineum
S2, S3, S4
