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GRE Psych > Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Devised the “strange situation” to study attachment

A

Mary Ainsworth

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2
Q

Studied the relationship between parental style and aggression

A

Diana Baumrind

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3
Q

Studied attachment in human children

A

John Bowlby

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4
Q

Linguist who studied that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition

A

Noam Chomsky

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5
Q

Outlined 8 stages of psychosocial development covering the entire lifespan

A

Erik Erikson

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6
Q

Outlined 5 stages of psychosexual development; stressed the importance of the Oedipal conflict in psychosexual development

A

Sigmund Freud

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7
Q

Believed that development was due primarily to maturation

A

Arnold Gesell

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8
Q

Suggested that males and females have different orientations toward morality

A

Carol Gilligan

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9
Q

The founder of developmental psychology

A

G. Stanley Hall

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10
Q

Used monkeys and “surrogate mothers” to study the role of contact comfort in bond formation

A

Harry Harlow

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11
Q

Studied moral development using moral dilemmas

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

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12
Q

British philosopher who suggested that infants had now predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates (tabulas rasa) to be written on by experience

A

John Locke

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13
Q

Studied imprinting in birds

A

Konrad Lorenz

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14
Q

Outlined 4 stages of cognitive development

A

Jean Piaget

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15
Q

French philosopher who studied that development could unfold without help from society

A

Jean Jacques Rousseau

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16
Q

Performed longitudinal study on gifted children

A

Lewis Terman

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17
Q

Studied the genetic basis of maze-running ability in rats

A

R. C. Tryon

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18
Q

Studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development

A

Lev Vygotsky

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19
Q

Compare groups of subjects at different ages

A

Cross-sectional studies

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20
Q

Compare a specific group of people over an extended period of time

A

Longitudinal studies

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21
Q

Combine cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods

A

Sequential cohort studies

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22
Q

Austrian monk who observed the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants and hypothesized the existence of the basic unit of heredity

A

Gregor Mendel

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23
Q

Basic unit of heredity

A

gene

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24
Q

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

A

allele

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25
Q

Total genetic complement (genetic makeup) of an individual

A

genotype

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26
Q

Total collection of expressed traits that is the individual’s observable characteristics

A

phenotype

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27
Q

Another name for identical twins; share 100% of genes

A

Monozygotic (MZ)

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28
Q

Another name for fraternal twins; share 50% of genes

A

Dizygotic (DZ)

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29
Q

A form of severe mental retardation that results from an extra 21st chromosome

A

Down’s syndrome

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30
Q

A genetic defect in which the child lacks the enzyme needed to digest phenylalanine; can be controlled with a strict diet

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

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31
Q

Found in males with an extra X chromosome (XXY configuration); this makes them sterile and often have mental retardation

A

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

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32
Q

Found in females with only one X chromosome; individuals often have physical abnormalities such as short fingers and unusually shaped mouths

A

Turner’s syndrome

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33
Q

The sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell and forms a single cell

A

Zygote

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34
Q

The fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tube and is implanted into uterine wall

A

Germinal period

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35
Q

The 8 weeks following the germinal period; embryo increases in size by 2 million percent

A

Embryonic period

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36
Q

Begins in the 3rd month with measurable electrical activity in the fetus’ brain

A

Fetal period

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37
Q

Neonatal reflex where infants automatically turn their heads in the direction of stimuli applied to the cheek

A

Rooting

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38
Q

Neonatal reflex where infants react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out their arms, extending their fingers, bringing their arms back to their body and then hugging themselves

A

Moro

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39
Q

Neonatal reflex where infants’ toes automatically spread apart when the soles of their feet are stimulated

A

Babinski

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40
Q

Neonatal reflex where infants automatically close their fingers around objects placed in their hands

A

Grasping

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41
Q

1st stage of Piaget cognitive development; primary and secondary reactions; object permanence develops

A

Sensorimotor

42
Q

2nd stage of Piaget cognitive development; child has not mastered conservation

A

Preoperational

43
Q

3rd stage of Piaget cognitive development; child masters conservation

A

Concrete operational

44
Q

4th stage of Piaget cognitive development; person has the ability to “think like a scientist”

A

Formal operational

45
Q

Skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed are in the process of development

A

Proximal development

46
Q

Smallest unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference in a language

A

Phoneme

47
Q

A way of perceiving different sensory inputs and mapping them to the same category

ex: ba vs. pa

A

Categorical Perception

48
Q

Basic meaningful units of words

ex: painted = 7 letters, 6 phonemes and 2 of these (paint + ed)

A

Morphemes

49
Q

Set of rules of a language by which we construct sentences

A

Syntax

50
Q

Actual efficient use of a language

A

Pragmatics

51
Q

Difficulty producing speech

A

Broca Aphasia

52
Q

Speak fluently, but sentence content is imprecise or nonsensical

A

Wernicke Aphasia (Fluent Aphasia)

53
Q

Different vowel and consonant sounds mixed together; important precursor to language that occurs around 5-7 months of age

A

Babbling

54
Q

1st stage of Freud’s Psychosexual Development (0-1 year): Characterized by libidinal energy centered on the mouth; fixation can lead to excessive dependency

A

Oral

55
Q

2nd stage of Freud’s Psychosexual Development (1-3 years): Toilet training occurs during this time; fixation can lead to excessive orderliness or messiness

A

Anal

56
Q

3rd stage of Freud’s Psychosexual Development (3-5 years): Oedipal conflict is resolved during this stage

A

Phallic

57
Q

Conflict when male child envies his father’s intimate relationship with his mother and fears castration at his father’s hands

A

Oedipal Conflict

58
Q

4th stage of Freud’s Psychosexual Development (5ish years - puberty): Libido is largely sublimated during this stage

A

Latency

59
Q

5th stage of Freud’s Psychosexual Development (puberty - adulthood): Begins at puberty; if previous stages have been successfully resolved, the person will enter into normal heterosexual relations

A

Genital

60
Q

1st stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory (0-1 year)

A

Trust vs. Mistrust

61
Q

2nd stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory (1-3 years)

A

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt: what a child can and cannot control in environment; self-restraint, a sense of competence and autonomy

62
Q

3rd stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory (3-6 years)

A

Initiative vs. Guilt: Learns to be independent by learning to explore

63
Q

4th stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory (6-12 years)

A

Industry vs. Inferiority: Learns from others how to do things correctly; Child will feel competent and able to exercise his/her abilities and intelligences in the world

64
Q

5th stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory (Teens)

A

Identity vs. Role Confusion: Positive sense of self in relation to others

65
Q

6th stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory (20’s - 40’s)

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation: long-term commitment with others; how to love

66
Q

7th stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory (40’s - 60’s - middle age)

A

Generativity vs. Stagnation: Develop interest in guiding and developing future generations (typically by being a parent); productive, caring, contributing member of society

67
Q

8th stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory (65+)

A

Integrity vs. Despair: Accept life as it was (or wasn’t)

68
Q

1st Phase of Kohlberg’s Moral Development (young children)

A

Preconventional Morality: self-interest, avoiding punishment, getting rewards

PUNISHMENT AND OBEDIENCE

69
Q

2nd Phase of Kohlberg’s Moral Development (older children, adolescents, and most adults)

A

Conventional Morality: Cares about situational outcomes and how they impact others; wants to please and be accepted; follows social norms, formalized laws and rules

LAW AND ORDER

70
Q

3rd Phase of Kohlberg’s Moral Development (Many adults)

A

Postconventional Morality: Abstract reasoning, based on self-chosen ethical principles that are comprehensive and universal (justice, dignity, equality)

UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

71
Q

1st of Kohlberg’s Gender Stages (2-3 years)

A

Gender Labeling: realization that they are a member of a particular sex, accept that they are a boy or girl and can label themselves as such

72
Q

2nd of Kohlberg’s Gender Stages (3-4 years)

A

Gender Stability: children can predict that they will still be a boy or a girl when they grown up; understanding is superficial and dependent upon a physical notion of gender

73
Q

3rd of Kohlberg’s Gender Stages (4-7 years)

A

Gender Consistency: children understand the permanency of gender regardless of what one wears or how one behaves

74
Q

1st of James Marcia’s Stages of Identity Development

A

Identity-Diffusion Status: No firm commitment to issues in question (occupation, religion, politics, sex) and not making progress towards them

75
Q

2nd of James Marcia’s Stages of Identity Development

A

Foreclosure Status: Not engaged in identity experimentation and established identity based on choices and values of others

76
Q

3rd of James Marcia’s Stages of Identity Development

A

Moratorium Status: Exploring various choices but has not made a clear commitment to any of them

77
Q

4th of James Marcia’s Stages of Identity Development

A

Identity Achievement Status: Attained a coherent and committed identity based on personal decisions

78
Q

Caregivers can support child to achieve higher cognitive levels by providing support and guidance

A

Scaffolding

79
Q

Substances that can harm the fetus

A

Teratogens

80
Q

A principle of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; process of understanding new information in relation to prior knowledge or existing schemata

A

Assimiliation

81
Q

A principle of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; occurs when cognitive structures are modified because new information or experiences do not fit into existing cognitive structures

A

Accommodation

82
Q

Patterns of knowledge in long-term memory that help us remember, organize and respond to info

A

Schemas

83
Q

Harlow Attachment Style where the child explores freely while the mother is present, engages with the stranger

A

Secure Attachment Style

84
Q

Harlow Attachment Style where the child is wary about the situation, especially the stranger, and stays close to mother even clinging to her

A

Ambivalent Attachment Style

85
Q

Harlow Attachment Style where the child tends to avoid or ignore the mother, treats the stranger the same way, and does not explore very much

A

Avoidant Attachment Style

86
Q

Harlow Attachment Style where there is no consistent way of reacting to stress of the situation; cries during the separation and avoids the mother when she returns

A

Disorganized Attachment Style

87
Q

Parenting style tending to use punitive control methods and lacking emotional warmth

A

Authoritarian Parenting Style

88
Q

Parenting style tending to have reasonably high demands for child compliance coupled with emotional warmth

A

Authoritative Parenting Style

89
Q

A term from Piaget’s theory, it is the tendency for preoperational children to be able to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon

A

Centration

90
Q

Cells that contain 23 pairs of chromosomes

A

Diploid Cells

91
Q

Third stage of prenatal development, it refers to the period during which the embryo increases in size dramatically, begins to develop a human appearance with limb motion, produces androgen in the testes of males embryos and develops nerve cells in the spine

A

Embryonic Stage

92
Q

Last stage of prenatal development, its onset is marked by the beginning of measurable electrical activity in the brain

A

Fetal Period

93
Q

Takes place in the fallopian tubes where the ovum or egg cell is fertilized by the male sperm cell

A

Conception

94
Q

Cells that contain 23 single chromosomes

A

Haploid Cells

95
Q

True/False: Sperm and Egg Cells (gametes) are haploid

A

True

96
Q

Period of rapid cell division during prenatal development that lasts approximately 2 weeks and ends with the implantation of the cellular mass into the uterine wall

A

Germinal Period

97
Q

A parenting style referring to the tendency to sore very low on control/demand measures

A

Permissive Parenting Style

98
Q

A parenting style where the parent is both undemanding and unresponsive

A

Rejecting/Neglecting Parenting Style

99
Q

Physical sex characteristics that do not appear until puberty

Females: enlarged breasts and widened hips
Males: facial hair and deeper voices

A

Secondary Sex Characteristics

100
Q

A laboratory study designed to measure the quality of the caregiver-child attachment relationship

A

Strange Situation

101
Q

The idea that all knowledge is gained through experience (John Locke)

A

Tabula rasa

102
Q

A single, fertilized cell created during conception when the egg and sperm cells combine

A

Zygote

GRE Psych (4 decks)

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