Developmental Psychology Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
Devised the “strange situation” to study attachment
A
Mary Ainsworth
2
Q
Studied the relationship between parental style and aggression
A
Diana Baumrind
3
Q
Studied attachment in human children
A
John Bowlby
4
Q
Linguist who studied that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition
A
Noam Chomsky
5
Q
Outlined 8 stages of psychosocial development covering the entire lifespan
A
Erik Erikson
6
Q
Outlined 5 stages of psychosexual development; stressed the importance of the Oedipal conflict in psychosexual development
A
Sigmund Freud
7
Q
Believed that development was due primarily to maturation
A
Arnold Gesell
8
Q
Suggested that males and females have different orientations toward morality
A
Carol Gilligan
9
Q
The founder of developmental psychology
A
G. Stanley Hall
10
Q
Used monkeys and “surrogate mothers” to study the role of contact comfort in bond formation
A
Harry Harlow
11
Q
Studied moral development using moral dilemmas
A
Lawrence Kohlberg
12
Q
British philosopher who suggested that infants had now predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates (tabulas rasa) to be written on by experience
A
John Locke
13
Q
Studied imprinting in birds
A
Konrad Lorenz
14
Q
Outlined 4 stages of cognitive development
A
Jean Piaget
15
Q
French philosopher who studied that development could unfold without help from society
A
Jean Jacques Rousseau
16
Q
Performed longitudinal study on gifted children
A
Lewis Terman
17
Q
Studied the genetic basis of maze-running ability in rats
A
R. C. Tryon
18
Q
Studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development
A
Lev Vygotsky
19
Q
Compare groups of subjects at different ages
A
Cross-sectional studies
20
Q
Compare a specific group of people over an extended period of time
A
Longitudinal studies
21
Q
Combine cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods
A
Sequential cohort studies
22
Q
Austrian monk who observed the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants and hypothesized the existence of the basic unit of heredity
A
Gregor Mendel
23
Q
Basic unit of heredity
A
gene
24
Q
One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome
A
allele
25
Total genetic complement (genetic makeup) of an individual
genotype
26
Total collection of expressed traits that is the individual's observable characteristics
phenotype
27
Another name for identical twins; share 100% of genes
Monozygotic (MZ)
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Another name for fraternal twins; share 50% of genes
Dizygotic (DZ)
29
A form of severe mental retardation that results from an extra 21st chromosome
Down's syndrome
30
A genetic defect in which the child lacks the enzyme needed to digest phenylalanine; can be controlled with a strict diet
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
31
Found in males with an extra X chromosome (XXY configuration); this makes them sterile and often have mental retardation
Klinefelter's Syndrome
32
Found in females with only one X chromosome; individuals often have physical abnormalities such as short fingers and unusually shaped mouths
Turner's syndrome
33
The sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell and forms a single cell
Zygote
34
The fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tube and is implanted into uterine wall
Germinal period
35
The 8 weeks following the germinal period; embryo increases in size by 2 million percent
Embryonic period
36
Begins in the 3rd month with measurable electrical activity in the fetus' brain
Fetal period
37
Neonatal reflex where infants automatically turn their heads in the direction of stimuli applied to the cheek
Rooting
38
Neonatal reflex where infants react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out their arms, extending their fingers, bringing their arms back to their body and then hugging themselves
Moro
39
Neonatal reflex where infants' toes automatically spread apart when the soles of their feet are stimulated
Babinski
40
Neonatal reflex where infants automatically close their fingers around objects placed in their hands
Grasping
41
1st stage of Piaget cognitive development; primary and secondary reactions; object permanence develops
Sensorimotor
42
2nd stage of Piaget cognitive development; child has not mastered conservation
Preoperational
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3rd stage of Piaget cognitive development; child masters conservation
Concrete operational
44
4th stage of Piaget cognitive development; person has the ability to "think like a scientist"
Formal operational
45
Skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed are in the process of development
Proximal development
46
Smallest unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference in a language
Phoneme
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A way of perceiving different sensory inputs and mapping them to the same category
ex: ba vs. pa
Categorical Perception
48
Basic meaningful units of words
ex: painted = 7 letters, 6 phonemes and 2 of these (paint + ed)
Morphemes
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Set of rules of a language by which we construct sentences
Syntax
50
Actual efficient use of a language
Pragmatics
51
Difficulty producing speech
Broca Aphasia
52
Speak fluently, but sentence content is imprecise or nonsensical
Wernicke Aphasia (Fluent Aphasia)
53
Different vowel and consonant sounds mixed together; important precursor to language that occurs around 5-7 months of age
Babbling
54
1st stage of Freud's Psychosexual Development (0-1 year): Characterized by libidinal energy centered on the mouth; fixation can lead to excessive dependency
Oral
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2nd stage of Freud's Psychosexual Development (1-3 years): Toilet training occurs during this time; fixation can lead to excessive orderliness or messiness
Anal
56
3rd stage of Freud's Psychosexual Development (3-5 years): Oedipal conflict is resolved during this stage
Phallic
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Conflict when male child envies his father's intimate relationship with his mother and fears castration at his father's hands
Oedipal Conflict
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4th stage of Freud's Psychosexual Development (5ish years - puberty): Libido is largely sublimated during this stage
Latency
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5th stage of Freud's Psychosexual Development (puberty - adulthood): Begins at puberty; if previous stages have been successfully resolved, the person will enter into normal heterosexual relations
Genital
60
1st stage of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory (0-1 year)
Trust vs. Mistrust
61
2nd stage of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory (1-3 years)
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt: what a child can and cannot control in environment; self-restraint, a sense of competence and autonomy
62
3rd stage of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory (3-6 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt: Learns to be independent by learning to explore
63
4th stage of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory (6-12 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority: Learns from others how to do things correctly; Child will feel competent and able to exercise his/her abilities and intelligences in the world
64
5th stage of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory (Teens)
Identity vs. Role Confusion: Positive sense of self in relation to others
65
6th stage of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory (20's - 40's)
Intimacy vs. Isolation: long-term commitment with others; how to love
66
7th stage of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory (40's - 60's - middle age)
Generativity vs. Stagnation: Develop interest in guiding and developing future generations (typically by being a parent); productive, caring, contributing member of society
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8th stage of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory (65+)
Integrity vs. Despair: Accept life as it was (or wasn't)
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1st Phase of Kohlberg's Moral Development (young children)
Preconventional Morality: self-interest, avoiding punishment, getting rewards
PUNISHMENT AND OBEDIENCE
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2nd Phase of Kohlberg's Moral Development (older children, adolescents, and most adults)
Conventional Morality: Cares about situational outcomes and how they impact others; wants to please and be accepted; follows social norms, formalized laws and rules
LAW AND ORDER
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3rd Phase of Kohlberg's Moral Development (Many adults)
Postconventional Morality: Abstract reasoning, based on self-chosen ethical principles that are comprehensive and universal (justice, dignity, equality)
UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
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1st of Kohlberg's Gender Stages (2-3 years)
Gender Labeling: realization that they are a member of a particular sex, accept that they are a boy or girl and can label themselves as such
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2nd of Kohlberg's Gender Stages (3-4 years)
Gender Stability: children can predict that they will still be a boy or a girl when they grown up; understanding is superficial and dependent upon a physical notion of gender
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3rd of Kohlberg's Gender Stages (4-7 years)
Gender Consistency: children understand the permanency of gender regardless of what one wears or how one behaves
74
1st of James Marcia's Stages of Identity Development
Identity-Diffusion Status: No firm commitment to issues in question (occupation, religion, politics, sex) and not making progress towards them
75
2nd of James Marcia's Stages of Identity Development
Foreclosure Status: Not engaged in identity experimentation and established identity based on choices and values of others
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3rd of James Marcia's Stages of Identity Development
Moratorium Status: Exploring various choices but has not made a clear commitment to any of them
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4th of James Marcia's Stages of Identity Development
Identity Achievement Status: Attained a coherent and committed identity based on personal decisions
78
Caregivers can support child to achieve higher cognitive levels by providing support and guidance
Scaffolding
79
Substances that can harm the fetus
Teratogens
80
A principle of Piaget's theory of cognitive development; process of understanding new information in relation to prior knowledge or existing schemata
Assimiliation
81
A principle of Piaget's theory of cognitive development; occurs when cognitive structures are modified because new information or experiences do not fit into existing cognitive structures
Accommodation
82
Patterns of knowledge in long-term memory that help us remember, organize and respond to info
Schemas
83
Harlow Attachment Style where the child explores freely while the mother is present, engages with the stranger
Secure Attachment Style
84
Harlow Attachment Style where the child is wary about the situation, especially the stranger, and stays close to mother even clinging to her
Ambivalent Attachment Style
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Harlow Attachment Style where the child tends to avoid or ignore the mother, treats the stranger the same way, and does not explore very much
Avoidant Attachment Style
86
Harlow Attachment Style where there is no consistent way of reacting to stress of the situation; cries during the separation and avoids the mother when she returns
Disorganized Attachment Style
87
Parenting style tending to use punitive control methods and lacking emotional warmth
Authoritarian Parenting Style
88
Parenting style tending to have reasonably high demands for child compliance coupled with emotional warmth
Authoritative Parenting Style
89
A term from Piaget's theory, it is the tendency for preoperational children to be able to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon
Centration
90
Cells that contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
Diploid Cells
91
Third stage of prenatal development, it refers to the period during which the embryo increases in size dramatically, begins to develop a human appearance with limb motion, produces androgen in the testes of males embryos and develops nerve cells in the spine
Embryonic Stage
92
Last stage of prenatal development, its onset is marked by the beginning of measurable electrical activity in the brain
Fetal Period
93
Takes place in the fallopian tubes where the ovum or egg cell is fertilized by the male sperm cell
Conception
94
Cells that contain 23 single chromosomes
Haploid Cells
95
True/False: Sperm and Egg Cells (gametes) are haploid
True
96
Period of rapid cell division during prenatal development that lasts approximately 2 weeks and ends with the implantation of the cellular mass into the uterine wall
Germinal Period
97
A parenting style referring to the tendency to sore very low on control/demand measures
Permissive Parenting Style
98
A parenting style where the parent is both undemanding and unresponsive
Rejecting/Neglecting Parenting Style
99
Physical sex characteristics that do not appear until puberty
Females: enlarged breasts and widened hips
Males: facial hair and deeper voices
Secondary Sex Characteristics
100
A laboratory study designed to measure the quality of the caregiver-child attachment relationship
Strange Situation
101
The idea that all knowledge is gained through experience (John Locke)
Tabula rasa
102
A single, fertilized cell created during conception when the egg and sperm cells combine
Zygote
