20th century sport Flashcards
(26 cards)
20th Century Society – Main developments
Developments in scientific discovery + technological advancements; notably in medicine, communications and transport.
Improvements in working conditions - an increase in everyone’s leisure time and disposable income.
However, other stresses including war and terrorism hit society.
Physical Education became available for all
Law and order was fully apparent in society, including moving towards gender equality
20th century Sport – Main developments
Spectatorism grew (particularly in working class men).
Sport an important tool for morale for troops in the war
Growth and development of international sporting events
Introduction of Public Sporting facilities
PE made compulsory by the government to teach in all schools
Social class - 20th century
Different sports participated in by different classes
Professionalism continued to generally be associated with working class
Upper/middle class still had more access to wider variety of sports
than LC due to time and money
Middle class even more opportunities through grammar school
Creation of Public facilities created greater equity in sport
Sport began to move to be more professional
20th Century Education
The 1944 Butler Report – Ground breaking Government legislation “Continue the spiritual, mental and physical developments of the
community” – Educate the whole person not just academically
20th century education - Grammar schools
Selective 11+ examination process –academically gifted students.
Modelled on 19th century public schools.
Wide variety of sporting opportunities - including Swimming, Rugby, XC, Athletics.
Most students went on to university
20th century education - Secondary modern schools
Students who did not get into grammar schools.
GCE’s - 4 years (optional 5th year)
Limited range of sports, no real academic value, just some exercise.
When pupils left they normally went into work.
20th century education - Secondary technical schools
Least popular alternative.
Students who did not pass the 11+ exam.
After 1965 schools
After 1965 - A comprehensive school was introduced where anyone can go to - regardless of how well they do in exam.
Up until 1969 West Bridgford School was grammar school in 1969 it became a comprehensive school. You can see the house names at the back on the main school hall
Education - By the end of the 1980s the government wanted:
More control of education/more teacher accountability
National standards for PE
Drive up standards/equal opportunities for all
Wider range of activities - taught by subject experts
1988 Education Reform Act
Broad curriculum “spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of pupils”.
Clubs, extra curricular, choice varied from area and school to school, increased participation from the 1970’s, examination PE,
If all schools taught the same they could be compared against each other.
National Curriculum PE (1988-2008) Key developments
Raise awareness of the need for a healthy lifestyle (reduce sedentary lifestyle)
Greater emphasis on creativity through formal assessment
Range of activities – to encourage lifelong participation.
6 key areas studied – Games, Athletic activities, Swimming, Gymnastics, Dance, OAA
Schools have better facilities and greater use of community facilities
Provide other roles in sport (official, coach and leader)
Gender in early 1900s
Opportunities for women dropped dramatically in 1900 due to women staying at home and very low pay.
This initially meant that both sport and crowds were very male dominated - professional sport watched by male workers
Some changes did start to take place for women
Increased female participation from 1960s due partly to the women’s liberation movement, striving for equality.
The TV boom in the 70’s - exposed women to sport and generated role models.
Examples of role models and changes that created role models
1960 - Rome Olympics - women allowed to compete in the 800m.
1967 - Kathrine Switzer first woman to officially run the Boston Marathon.
1972 - 6 women allowed to run the NY City marathon on the condition they start 10 minutes before the men. At the gun, they sat down in protest.
1984 - First women’s Olympic marathon in LA in ’84 and female triple jump in Atlanta in ’96, Spectators still male dominated by end of 20th century.
Overall gender in 20th century
Overall a greater level of male participation
Certain sports (e.g. Boxing) were not participated in by women.
Women’s sports started to increase but still lacked spectators, media coverage and professionalism.
Girls sports continued to develop (e.g. netball in 1891)
Women started to participate in male sports (e.g. Dick Kerr’s Ladies football team, banned in 1921)
20th century amateurism and professionalism examples
ASSOCIATION FOOTBALL – Working class – E.g. 1992 premier league football.
CRICKET - Classes played together but still had the separate roles
UC/MC Amateurs – captains – travelled, changed and ate separately, SHAMATEURS. LC – were the professional cricketers
RUGBY UNION – Amateurism dominated by MC -(1995) and League retained their class (and geographical) allegiances until the end of the 20th century.
Athletics, tennis and rugby union all gradually and mainly reluctantly accepted professionalism
Why sports by the end of the 20th Century had begun to abolish the class divide and become more professional?
Moved away from participation in sport to watching
Increasing role of the media to aid spectatorism.
Spectatorism generated money so professionalism started to take over in most sports.
Sport started to become a big spectacle and people wanted to see the best sport/athletes – role models
The overall effect of social class in the 20th century on sport
Different sports participated in by different classes
Professionalism continued to generally be associated with working class
Upper/middle class still had more access to wider variety of sports due to time and money
Middle class even more opportunities through grammar school
Creation of Public facilities created greater equity in sport
Sport began to move to be more professional
Hillsborough disaster - Law and order
All seater by the end of the century as a result of the Taylor Report inquiry from the Hillsborough disaster and following the Heysel stadium disaster (39 people killed in another crush).
Hooligan reputation as a result of the Heysel Disaster
Taylor report said:
Failure of police control.
All-seater model,
These regulations required clubs in the highest divisions (top two divisions in the English system) to comply. August 1994.
Changes in law and order
Gambling still a big factor – betting shops were opened in 1961
Sporting press developed – Media impact post 1960’s – The growing interest in sport meant that sport needed to be fair.
Growing crowds needed bigger and better facilities – self regulated fans until the 1970’s
Overall…..
Full established laws and a sense of order not only in sport but also society.
Sports became fully codified, with minor rule changes made to reduce any remaining violence
Athletics 20th century - L+O
Influx of drugs cases becoming apparent.
Ben Johnson – fastest man 1988 – Gold at World champs – but then failed drugs test.
Previous Olympic and Commonwealth medals
Availability of time - 20th century
UC / MC – more time for sport / leisure time – E.g. played sports such as golf
LC (working class) – still less time – but improved working conditions meant working hours decreased (9-5) meaning increased leisure time and energy for both playing and spectating sport (spectatorship).
Introduction of a paid weeks holiday again = more leisure time.
Sports played on regularly on Saturdays and alternative days such as Sunday and mid week.
Availability of transport - 20th century
Transport both public and private became available to everyone – overall made sport more accessible to all.
Public transport – trains/ Buses dominated in the early 20th century.
Still some restricted access for participation – dependent on routes/locations etc.
Private transport – cars/planes dominated in the late 20th century.
Overall effect of increased transport on sports
Increased regular participation.
Increased competitive fixtures, leagues and cups at all levels.
Increased flexibility of what/where to play
Increased spectatorism.
Increased international competitions. World cups, European Cup.
Reduced physical activity as less people walk.
