21st century sport Flashcards
(7 cards)
Law and order - 21st century
Legislation - Legislation has become more complicated / more involved in sport
Negligence - Increased cases of negligence E.g. Rugby referee being sued for poor control of the scrum
Litigation - Referees / players / coaches are more likely to be sued E.g. - Eva Carneiro suing Jose Mourinho for sexual discrimination
CAS - Increased number of appeals to Court of Arbitration for Sport E.g. - Russian Olympic ban appeal 2016
Criminal - Increased criminal prosecutions against sports people for violent conduct on the field E.g. - Duncan Ferguson jailed for on-field assault E.g. - Spectator banning orders for violent behaviour
Match-fixing - Increased police attention to match fixing / illegal betting has made it easier to detect
Discrimination - Racial and gender equality laws have reduced discrimination E.g. - Golf club membership rules cannot discriminate based on gender
Changing status of women 21st century
Opportunity – increased quantity of women’s sports events and participation, increased standards of play. E.g. women’s premier league football.
Media coverage – Increased coverage of women’s sport / wider range – but still far less than males. E.g. super league netball, women’s ashes series.
Societal role – Traditional perceptions challenged – more time and participation. E.g. This Girl Can initiative.
Challenged stereotypes - Women now participate in men’s sport –
more role models + coverage of these. E.g. Nicola Adams (boxing).
Equality – Increased gender equality. Equal pay/prize money in some sports – but still big differences. E.g. Tennis.
Discrimination – Reduced against women – but still remains. Gender equality act helps prevent it. E.g. Reduction in male-only golf clubs.
Female presenters – Increased – but often young/attractive. E.g. Alex Scott.
Sponsorship – Increased for female athletes – can play full time. Financially viable for them. E.g. Tennis, golf.
21st century main impacts of education
Compulsory PE in curriculum – via the national curriculum
Extra curricular clubs – widen opportunities
Type of school – fee paying – more opportunities
Competition (fixtures) – teams / inter-school.
Qualifications – Wide range of PE and Sport examinations / qualification / sports leaders.
Range of activities introduced – via PE lessons – lots of different sports
School club links – can increase participation / access to facilities.
Possible negative experience - could discourage participation.
Knowledge – education about benefits, nutrition, physio etc.
Helps improve standards - Elite sports Universities linked to the English Institute of Sport (EIS) - E.g. Loughborough Track and Field
athletics and Bath/ Sports scholarships
21st century social class
Sport was now classless
Finance: Young people from lower SE groups cannot afford equipment or fees or transport
Education: Young people from lower SE groups may not have access to higher level facilities or coaching or competition at school
Role models: Lack of availability of role models may prevent those from lower SE groups participating in certain activities
Elite players: Elite sports players are more likely to come from higher SE groups (Team GB in Rio)
Stereotyped sports: Individual sports can be perceived as upper or lower class.
Stacking: Young people may be encouraged into sports which ‘match’ their socio economic group.
School Club links: NGBs plan to strengthen links between state schools and clubs
NGB strategies: NGBs formulating schemes to address this problem e.g. Chance to Shine (cricket)
Improvements: The gap in participation between lower and higher SE groups has narrowed since 20th century.
Availability of transport 21st century
Ever quicker transport and communications mean that ‘the world is getting smaller’ so increase in participation as increase accessibility to
sports.
The continued growth / development of specialist sports tour companies – Exposure to foreign training/coaching, facilities.
Most people now own a car within their household.
Public transport widely available – but some issues with road congestion and expense/reliability of public transport - more expensive to follow teams so follow from home instead
More car journeys = more opportunities (participation / Spectatorism) but less walking journeys impacting health.
Regular fixtures, leagues and competitions (including international) - Pre season tournaments around the world increase fan base.
Budget airlines cheap flights for fans to support.
Cost of driving/learning is on the increase/more car ownership.
Different modes of transport – e-bikes, scooters, segways
Availability of time 21st century
Technological advancements free peoples time up to play sport
Even more leisure time for all, which increases participation / spectators
Upper/ Middle class still have more time for sport.
Lower class work longer hours, less time for sport
Flexible working hours has increased participation for all. (working from home)
Sports regularly played mid week/ evening.
High quality floodlit facilities and longer opening hours for gyms has increased opportunity for sport
Availability of money 21st century
Upper/ middle class have more money to spend on sports participation and spectating. E.g. Equestrianism
Global recession reduced the disposable income available for sport.
Linked to reduced participation levels since 2012 – less likely to spend money on sport.
Expensive membership for golf clubs/gyms.
Less money being spent on sport – slightly less participation for some
Decrease working class spectators e.g. Football season tickets
