Ethics and deviance Flashcards
(25 cards)
Define ethics
Rules that dictate an individuals conduct. They form a system of rules that groups and societies are judged on. An ethic in sport would be that athletes stick to the rules or spirit of the game.
Define deviance
A word that describes unacceptable behaviour within a culture. Breaking the rules. Any behaviour that differs from the perceived social or legal norm is seen as deviant
Advantages of legal supplements
Punishment – no punishment for taking them.
Health – less likely to harm athletes’ health / safer than illegal / less harmful side effects
Disadvantages of legal supplements
Contamination – some have been found to contain banned substances so might be illegal.
Side effects / long-term effects – some may cause health problems
(creatine – digestive, energy drinks (tooth decay).
Lack of effectiveness – not as effective as PED’s
Why elite performers use illegal drugs
To improve performance e.g. Ben Johnson
A desire to win at all costs – fame / sponsors
Pressure - from coach, peers, or even the State (Russia 2016)
Physiological reasons (E.g. to be able to train harder or to recover more quickly from injury).
Psychological reasons (E.g. to steady nerves or to increase arousal).
A belief that most other competitors are doping; to ‘even the playing field’.
Think they might get away with it (Lance Armstrong)or do not fully understand the dangers / a foolish mistake.
Reasons people believe drugs should be banned
It represents a health risk to the individual,
It is unfair and goes against the level playing field ideal,
It harms the athletes who choose not to dope
It is against the defined rules and laws governing sport.
It contravenes other values defined as the sportsmanship
Can’t have drug taking seen as acceptable in society.
Strategies to reduce drug taking in sport
Stricter punishments E.g. lifetime bans/fines/points deduction.
Funding and investment into scientific research to try to keep
drug testing ahead of drug taking
Education – of performers and coaches into dangers and responsibilities
Use role models to promote clean sport and proven drug takers to
educate and inform/use experiences
Stronger action by IOC e.g. At Russia given blanket 4 year ban which covered Tokyo 2020 games.
In and out of season drug testing
Whereabouts system
Whereabouts system - Registered Testing Pool (RTP) – a list of players/athletes who must provide “whereabouts information” for 1 hour each day of the year. 3 missed tests in 12 months = automatic 2 year ban
Consequences of drug use on performers
Improved performance – gives them an unfair advantage
Fame / fortune, a ban / disqualification – ruined reputation
Physiological damage to body e.g. addiction, impotence,
Damage to mind and other health problems, psychological problems e.g. mood swings, depression.
Punishment: Law breaking of the legal system and/or sport, and
consequently athlete may be banned, fined, loose medals/titles
Reputation: ruined career and reputation
Consequences of drug use on sport
Values: Challenges the concept of fair play in sport
Sponsors: loss of sponsors for ‘tainted’ sport due to the bad image
Scandal / bad publicity / decrease in interest and participation
Negative role modelling
Results that can’t be trusted; meaningless results
Consequences of drug use on society
Negative publicity for nation
Win at all costs society. Sport is merely reflecting society with its unethical/corrupt ideas,
Negative role models - Aspiring young athletes may copy them
Implement ban: society may have to adjusts ban to improve
Legalise/accept drugs: or, society may possibly accept their athletes as drug takers and make it legal
Drug Testing: enable more effective drug testing processes to be developed in response to new drugs being created
How would you define violence in sport?
Intense physical force that is directed towards harming an
individual or group, or property
Causes of violence in sport
Frustration / anger e.g. with officials or with the result
Gamesmanship by opponent/s
Pressure to win
Provocation or abuse
Lack of or limited deterrent
Rivalry e.g. if the game is a local derby
Drugs / steroids / alcohol
Causes of player violence in sport
Sticks or other implements that can be used as ‘weapons’ e.g. in ice hockey
Violent nature/physical contact involved with some games e.g. American football
Kit or equipment that ‘de-humanises’ opponent (takes away their
human qualities)
Emotional or anger management issues
Causes of spectator violence
Overcrowding / poor spectator provision
‘hooligans’ keen to cause trouble (not genuine fans)
Peer pressure / mass culture / diminished responsibility of crowd
Violence on pitch
Implications of violence in sport on society
Sports performers are role models, so violence may be copied in society
Put parents off letting their children participate
Can lead to violence amongst spectators.
Sport is a reflection of society, so if there is violence in sport it may be because society has violence in it
Violence in sport could indicate other social issues in wider society
Domestic violence link to sport. 26% increase when England play/38%
when they lose
Implications of violence in sport on the sport
Can initiate changes in laws and rules of a sport to make violence less likely
Sport receives a bad name/profile
Can reduce participation
Loss of sponsors
Loss of public interest/ support
Can make the sport more entertaining for media and spectators
Implications of violence in sport on performers
Punishment; Disciplinary action and even legal action
Injury and even death in some cases
Loss of sponsors
Become a negative role model/detrimental to career
Strategies against player violence
Change / adapt rules: minimise violent situations E.g. no high
tackles.
Stricter punishments: more severe, match/season bans to act as a deterrent, legal action where appropriate.
Education on fair play / being a role model. E.g. FA RESPECT Campaign
More or better qualified officials at all levels – E.g. FA refs.
Technology: playback - to make it fairer. E.g. VAR, citing refs
Use psychology to help with anger management issues
Coaches: encourage a philosophy of assertive behaviour rather than violence
Strategies against spectator violence
Stricter punishments: remove season tickets, legal action. E.g.
England fans
Control of alcohol: ban alcohol and searches, early kick off times
Improve spectator facilities: all seated stadiums, separation of fans, as a consequence of the Hillsborough disaster.
Use of CCTV: for identifying the culprits of any violence.
Increase in police presence – football banning orders, bag searches.
Promotion as family entertainment: family sections and entertainment. using social media to build positive relationships between fans, etc.
More responsible media coverage – less hyping up
Gambling in sports
Gambling in itself is not an example of deviant behaviour because it is legal to bet on sports events.
Gambling or wagering has been a feature of sports activities for
centuries of competition. With examples being seen in the Ancient Roman empire and in 19th century times (pedestrianism)
Sport lends itself to gambling because the outcomes of events are
supposed to be unpredictable and most competitions hold that element of chance.
Gambling is now globalised due to the role of the internet and the huge range of betting options available.
Some sports ban all performers in that sport from gambling on their own sport i.e. football, horse racing.
Betting sponors - Stoke Bet 365
Match fixing
Playing a game to a completely or partially pre-determined
result. So, when a player, team or referee deliberately under-
performs to ensure that one team loses or draws
Badminton from the 2012 Olympic games - 8 players deliberately losing
Spot betting
Sees gamblers staking their money on an element of sporting
encounters. Anything from the exact timing of the first throw-in during a football match to whether the first ball of a cricket match will be a wide or a no-ball
Not illegal to most people - first goal scorer
Pakistan cricketers - Mohammed Asif and Amir Involvement in deliberately bowling no balls
What is Bribery
The practice of offering money to gain a dishonest advantage
