2.1 - Biodiversity Flashcards

Question

Domain def?

Answer 1

the highest taxon in the biological classification, one of the three major groups into which living organisms are classified

Answer 2

all living organisms are classified into 5 kingdoms depending on their physical features

Answer 3

subdivision of a kingdom, based on a general body plain

Answer 4

sub - group of a phylum e.g Mammalia form a class within the phylum Chordata insects = class within the phylum Arthropoda

Answer 5

sub group of a kingdom members of each phylum have a distinct body plan e.g members of the phylum Annelida = soft bodied and segmented ; members of the Arthropods have a chitinous exoskeleton and jointed limbs. Chordata - contains vertebrates

Answer 6

sub group of a class - Lepidoptera Order containing butterflies and moths is in the class insects

Answer 7

group within an order Flower families = most familiar such as rose family rosaceae

Answer 8

a group of similar organisms such as the genus Panthera, containing lions and tigers

Answer 9

a group of organisms sharing a large number of physical features and able to interbreed to make fertile offspring

Answer 10

a taxon containing organisms with many similarities but enough differences that they are not able to interbreed to produce the offspring

Answer 11

a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Answer 12

microscopic kingdom - contains all the bacteria Archaea and cyanobacteria

Answer 13

some protoctista have only 1 cell and these are the main component of plankton others are colonial some have many similar cells these = seaweeds, or algae, such as the sea lettuce

Answer 14

mosses, horsetails and ferns reproduce with spores conifers and flowering plants reproduce with seeds

Answer 15

yeasts = single celled moulds such as penicillium and mushrooms such as Amanita muscaria have hyphae that weave together to form the body of the fungus, a mycelium In some fungi, cross - cell walls called septa, dub divide the hyphae

Answer 16

structures in different species with a similar anatomical position and developmental origin derived from a common ancestor

Answer 17

having 5 digits

Answer 18

the development of different structure over long periods of time from the equivalent structures in related organisms

Answer 19

suggests that widely separated groups of organisms share a common ancestor Therefore, it would be expected that they share basic features, so their similarities should indicate how closely related they are more similar 2 organisms are, more recently they = assumed to have diverged

Answer 20

basic structure = the same in all 4 classes of terrestrial structures, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mamals However. the limbs of the different vertebrates have adapted and have different functions - grasping, walking, swimming and flying Examples = human arm, wing of a bar, flipper of a whale, wing of a bird, leg of a horse

Answer 21

a common ancestral structure has evolved and performs different functions

Answer 22

development of similar structures is unrelated organisms over long periods of time related to natural selection of similar features in a common environment

Answer 23

have corresponding function and similar shape but have a different developmental origin

Answer 24

where structures evolve similar properties but have different developmental origins Such structures = analogous

Answer 25

during the course of evolution, species undergo changes in their DNA base sequences, which accumulate until the organisms are so different that they are considered to be different species more closely related species, show more similarly in their DNA base sequences than those who are more distantly related DNA analysis has confirmed evolutionary relationships and corrected mistakes made in classification based on physical characteristics

Answer 26

involves comparing DNA base sequences of 2 species to work out how closely related 2 species of primates for example humans Homo sapiens and chimpanzee DNA from both = extracted, separated into single strands and cut into fragments Fragments from the 2 species = mixed and where they have complementary base sequences, they hyribidse together

Answer 27

the sequence of amino acids in proteins is determined by the DNA base sequence Degree of similarity in the amino acid sequence of the same protein in 2 species will reflect how closely related they are

Answer 28

the proteins of different species can be compared using immunological techniques. If you mix the antigens of 1 species. such as the blood protein albumin with specific antibodies of another, the antigens and antibodies coagulate closer the evolutionary relationship, the more coagulation occurs

Answer 29

the 2 organisms look very similar they are likely to be in the same species there may be differences, such as the presence of a mane on the lions not the female lions

Answer 30

another way of defining a species states that the 2 organisms are in the same species if they can interbreed to make fertile offspring

Answer 31

the identification and naming of organisms

Answer 32

discover and describe biological diversity investigate evolutionary relationships between organisms classify organisms to reflect their evolutionary relationships

Answer 33

the system of giving organisms a unique name with 2 parts genus and species

Answer 34

unambiguous naming based on latin, can be used all over the world implies that 2 species sharing part of their name are closely related panthera leo panthera tigris

Answer 35

each organism has 2 names its genus and species genus = first name and capital letter species comes second and does not have capital letter first time the scientific name = used in text, it is written in full Panthera tigris If used again, may be abbreviated , P tigris Both names = printed in italics or underlined when hand written

Answer 36

number of species and the number of individuals in each species in a specified region

Answer 37

the number of species - species richness Number of organisms within each species - species evenness vary enormously, depending on where and when you are looking biodiversity = not constant

Answer 38

number of species and the number of organisms depend in part on the environment

Answer 39

more plans grow at high light intensity than low light intensity so at a bright environment can support more herbivores and therefore more carnivores than a dull one more energy flowing through an ecosystem produces more species + more individuals means that equatorial regions have a much higher biodiversity than polar regions

Answer 40

succession natural selection human influence

Answer 41

over time, a community of organisms changes its habitat, making it more suitable for other species change in composition of a community over time = succession increases biodiversity but ultimately decreases plant biodiversity

Answer 42

can generate and change biodiversity

Answer 43

Tropical rainforests, farming, roads and industry have destroyed habitats, reducing the numbers of individuals and driven to extinction many species have nowhere else in the world In oceans, over-fishing has depleted fish stocks and some very productive diverse areas, such as coral reefs and estuaries are severely stressed Dredging the ocean floor, disrupt habitats, damaging populations of invertebrates, fish and sea mammals misuse of land such as trampling by cattle, accompanied by the increasing temp related to climate change has increased the area of deserts. sahara desert = expanded and large area of australia + north america - vulnerable Rivers = polluted with industrial chemicals

Answer 44

a small number of plants and animals = used to support human civilisation medicinal drugs = derived from plants + fungi for example aspirin, statins, antibiotics Living organisms provide important raw materials e.g rubber and cotton

Answer 45

we lose potential new foods and sources of new useful characteristics to breed into crops such as disease resistance potential for discovering new medicinal drugs and new raw materials = compromised

Answer 46

at production level produces a biodiversity index which can be used to monitor the biodiversity of a habitat over time and to compare biodiversity in different habitats

Answer 47

Simpson's diversity index which describes the biodiversity of motile organisms such as the invertebrates in a stream Commonest way of calculating the index gives a numerical value and the higher the value, the higher the biodiversiy

Answer 48

1 - Sum of n(n-1) / N(n-1) N = the total number of organisms present n = the number in each species

Answer 49

this occurrence of more than one phenotype in a population, with the rarer phenotypes at frequencies greater than can be accounted for by mutation alone

Answer 50

an assessment of biodiversity at the genetic level approach focuses on all the alleles present in the gene pool of the population and not the individuals

Answer 51

a gene's position on the chromosome

Answer 52

polymorphism if it has 2 or more alleles, with the rarer alleles at frequencies greater than would occur by mutation alone

Answer 53

if 98 % of all the alleles of a particular gene are the same recessive allele

Answer 54

its locus is more polymorphic than if there were fewer alleles

Answer 55

Gene T controls height - 2 different alleles Gene S controls whether or not pollen can germinate on the stigma of a flower of the same species Gene S has a greater biodiversity than gene T as more phenotypes are possible for genes S than T

Answer 56

If only 50% of the alleles in the gene pool were recessive, 50% would be other alleles

Answer 57

sometimes only 1 base differs these single base differences are called SNPS single nucleotide polymorphism also regions of DNA that vary generally about 20-40 base sequences long often repeated many times unique lengths of non-coding DNA are called hyper-variable regions or short tandem repeats

Answer 58

terms for a pattern unique for each individual, related to the base sequences of their DNA

Answer 59

indicates how similar or different their DNA sequences are More different SNPs and HVR's a population has, the more differences there are in its DNA fingerprints More differences indicate a greater biodiversity In a biodiverse population, DNA fingerprints show a lot of variation

Answer 60

the gradual process in which inherited characteristics become more or less common in a population, in response to the environment determining the breeding success of individuals possessing those characteristics

Answer 61

differences in DNA

Answer 62

different physical appearance, biochemical function or behaviour

Answer 63

some are more suited to the environment than others and outcompete rivals for resource's

Answer 64

the more suited to the environment survive better

Answer 65

the more suited to the environment have more offspring

Answer 66

offspring inherit the advantageous alleles, so they are also suited to the environment

Answer 67

happens when a selective insecticide kills all the aphids in a habitat or when an asteroid crashes into the earth, throwing dust into the atmosphere, reducing light intensity so much that plants cannot survive then the herbivores die, so the carnivores die Natural selection selection decreases the biodiversity and species may become extinct

Answer 68

change in a species as a useful characteristic becomes more common Useful characteristic = adaptive trait

Answer 69

where the animal is developed to their function e.g sharks have streamlined bodies, more efficient at catching food or prey

Answer 70

refers to their biological function e.g mammals are endothermic and must avoid wasting energy trying to maintain body temp in the cold during hibernation, a hedgehog resets its body thermostat as hibernation requires less energy

Answer 71

Animals change their behaviour to fit their function e.g hawthorn, the flowers in spring when pollinating, insects have emerged. If flowered earlier, would not be pollinated

2.1 - Biodiversity Flashcards

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