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Biology AS > Unit 1.1 > Flashcards

Unit 1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Inorganic ions def?

A

they’ve got a charge

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2
Q

ion?

A

a species which has gained or lost an electron

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3
Q

Magnesium?

A

a consituent of chlorophyll + is needed for photosythesis

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4
Q

what is the lack of chlorophyll?

A

suffer from chlorosis

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5
Q

another use for magnesium?

A

consituent of bones
osteporosis - lack of magnesum
brittle bone disease

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6
Q

Iron?

A

consituent of hameoglobin
also transports oxygen
Hb402 - oxyhaemoglobin

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7
Q

what is Hb?

A

quartenary protein
compact 4 subunits
twisted tertiary protein

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8
Q

Phosphate iron?
Po43-

A

consituent of nucloetide

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9
Q

what is a monosaccharide?

A

simplest sugar - (CH20)N

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10
Q

deoxyribose?

A

C5H10O4

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11
Q

Bases?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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12
Q

Hydrolysis?

A

Chemical insertion of water

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13
Q

ATP?

A

ADP+Pi + 30.6 KJ mol^-1

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14
Q

exergonic?

A

releases energy

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14
Q

endergonic?

A

gains energy

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15
Q

what are the properties of water?

A

high latent heat of vaporisation
High specific heat capacity
high surface tension
hydrogen bond
high density
transparent
solven

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16
Q

latent heat of vaporisation

A

a large quantity of heat energy is required to convert a liquid to a vapour
its biological purpose is that sweat is being released from the skin, evaporating and taking its heat energy with it, leaving the surface cool
evaporation of water through the stomata from the surface of a leaf causes a transpiration stream

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17
Q

high specific heat capacity?

A

large quantity of energy is required to raise the temperature by 1 degree
this is because the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules restrict their movement preventing an increase in kinetic energy
biological purpose is to keep the aquatic habitats stable
no adaptations to extreme

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18
Q

High surface tension?

A

cohesion between water molecules at a surface

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19
Q

cohesion?

A

attraction of water molecules for each other due to the dipole structure of water, producing hydrogen bonds between

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20
Q

dipole?

A

a polar molecule with a positive and negative charge seperated by a very small distance

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21
Q

hydrogen bond?

A

a weak attractive force between the partial positive charge of a hydrogen atom of 1 molecule and the partial negative charge of another atom usually Oxygen or Nitrogen
biological purpose? surface for insects to feed from for example pondskater

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22
Q

high density?

A

water has a maximum density at 4 degrees
ice is less dense than water because the hydrogen bonds hold the molecules further apart
ice = a good insulator and prevents water from losing heat so organisms beneath the surface survive

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23
Q

transparent?

A

allows light to pass through allowing aquatic plants to photosynthesise

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24
solvent?
water molecules have dipoles which attract
25
carbohydrates?
organic compounds that only have carbon, hydrogen and oxygen the basic unit is a monosacchride (CH2O)n (CH20)3 = C3H603 (CH20)6 = C6H1206
26
what are disacchrides and polysacchrides made of?
monosacchrides
27
what are the 3 types of monosacchrides?
Alpha Beta straight chain
28
what are the properties of monosacchrides?
source of energy for respiration C-H + C-C bonds = broken + they release energy energy = transferred to allow ADP+Pi ------- ATP (30.6KJ mol-1)
29
what are used to make polysacchrides?
monosacchrides
30
examples of monosacchrides?
starch chitin cellulose glycogen(liver + muscles)
31
what are 2 polymers of starch?
amylose(linear) + amylopectin(branched)
32
give examples of constituent of nucleotides
Deoxyribose in DNA Ribose in RNA
33
what is the test for monosacchrides?
benedicts reagant which is CUSO4 + KOH
34
what is the formula?
CUS04(aq) + KOH(aq) ------- CU(OH)2+ K2SO4(aq)
35
what is the colour change?
blue to green to yellow to orange to red
36
what to do then?
heat to 70 degrees, also needs tube in equal volumes benedicts + whatever else we are testing
37
what is the test for non reducing sugars?
made of 2 monosacchrides joined together by a glycosidic bond and the elimination of water because it is a condensation reaction
38
Glucose + Galactose?
lactose
39
Glucose + fructose?
sucrose
40
Glucose + Glucose?
maltose
41
what is the test for a disaccharide called?
non reducing sugar + HCL a qualititative test or a semi qualitative test
42
example of a quantitative test?
biosensor
43
Why do we use HCL?
to break the glycosidic bond after first testing with benedicts + it will stay blue + NAOH+ heat to 70 degrees before retesting with benedicts reagent would get a colour change dependent on the concentration of sugar
44
Polysaccharides?
large complex polymers (repeating unit of monomers) linked by glycosidic bonds glucose is soluble so must be converted to glycogen in animals + starch in plants glucose would increase solute potential so water would be drawn out of cells by osmosis
45
Glucose vs polysaccharide?
Polysaccharide is insoluble + has no osmotic effect It cannot diffuse out of the cell as it is too big they are compact molecules (storage) carry energy in C-H and C-C bonds
46
starch?
storage of glucose in a plant tubers in the roots of potatoes starch is stored in the seeds made of alpha glucose 2 forms of starch, amylose + amylopectin
47
what is the test for starch?
iodine in potassium iodide
48
describe the test for starch?
Iodine solution which is dissolved in potassium iodide colour change from orange to blue black depth of black colour is supposed to indicate the concentration of starch but colour intensity decreases above 35 degrees + it is unreliable at low PH qualitaitve
49
where is glycogen?
liver and muscle cells where it is being converted from glucose to glycagon under insuline shown by glucose ------ glycagon
50
what is it used for?
main storage product in animals similar to amylopectin ( branched ) (1,4) (1,6) in animals the chain length is longer
51
what is cellulose?
structural polysachharide found in plant cell walls
52
what is cellulose used for?
made of beta glucose 1,4 glycosidic bond in a straight unbranched chain glucose molecules = rotated by 180 degrees Hydrogen bonds join the parallel chains for structural stability cellulose molecules = tightly packed forming 60 - 70 microfibrils
53
chitin?
a structural polysaccharide fungal cell walls exoskeleton of insects similar structure to cellulose made of beta glucose + has a 1,4 glycosidic link contains amino acids heteropolysaccharide monomeers = rotated by 180 degrees and is cross linked by H bonds to form microfibrils
54
heteropolysaccharide?
N + carbohydrate
55
Lipids?
made of: Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen its non polar ( uncharged) cannot dissolve in water but can dissolve in ethanol and propanone which are organic solvents
56
what is it formed of?
triglycerides 1 glycerol molecule + 3 molecules of fatty acids glycerol = the same as every lipid but fatty acid varies condensation reactions + forms an ester bond
57
what is a phospholipid?
type of lipid where 1 end of the molecule is soluble in water and the opposite end is hydrophobic
58
what is it made of?
3 components Phosphate Glycerol Chlorine (Hydrophillic head)
58
wax?
melting temp - 45 degrees use - cuticle in a leaf exoskeletons in insects for example beatle
58
Saturated fats?
has single C-C bond solid at room temp ( 20 degrees) max number of H e,g palmitic acid CH3(CH2)16COOH
59
Unsaturated fats?
plant oils liquid at room temp at least 1 carbon - carbon double bond produces a kink in the chain minimum number of H e.g oleic acid CH3(CH2)7CH CH(CH2)7COOH
59
What are the role of phospholipids?
Biological membranes electrical insulation of an axon in a nerve cell
60
What are the role of triglycerides?
protection of delicate internal organs. e.g your kidneys thermal insulation to prevent heat loss buyoancy - helps you to float energy storage - twice as much energy as a carbohydrate metabolic water = produced when lipids = oxidised
61
What are the role of waxes?
reducing water loss from exoskeletons + from cuticles of plants
61
Test for fats?
emulsion test dissolve in absolute ethanol this breaks the esther bond shake it with an equal volume of water lipids become insoluble + form a cloudy suspension
62
What is the effect of saturated fats on humans?
the main cause of heart disease fatty deposits in the coronary artery causes atherosclorosis + high blood pressure ( hypertension)
63
a diet high in saturated fat smoking + lack of excercise leads to?
heart disease
64
LDL?
Low density lipo protein which is found in saturated fat + causes an artheroma to form in the coronary artery ( fatty deposit) which restricts the supply of O2 to the heart muscle. Results in severe pain the chest known as angina + if its not treated, it results in myocardical infaction (heart attack)
65
HDL?
High density lipo protein carries harmful fats via the hepatic portal vein + the liver where they are broken down, preventing an artheroma doctors measure the ratio of HDL:LDL in a person's blood to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease
66
What is a protein?
compound with C N H O S P
67
What is a monomer of a protein?
amino acid - 20 different amino acids all have the same basic structure
68
What are the 4 types of Protein structure?
primary secondary tertiary quarternary
69
primary structure?
a polypeptide chain which is formed from amino acids which can be joined in any number, order + combination primary structure is determined by the base sequence on 1 strand of the DNA molecule
70
Secondary structure
2 types alpha helix (more common of the 2) beta pleated sheet
71
beta pleated sheet?
the shape is maintained by hydrogen bonding + peptide bonding along the chain the polypeptide chain = twisted into a 3d shape examples = collagen keratin fibroin
72
tertiary?
a secondary structure which is folded + twisted to give a complex 3 d structure Hydrogen Ionic Disulphide bridges Hydrophobic interactions
73
Quarternary?
polypeptide chain which cannot function unless attatched to a non protein group for example Haemoglobin Haem = Fe2+ (non protein group)
74
Globular proteins?
compact + folded into a spherical shape soluble in water polypeptide chains have no cross links can be used for enzymes, antibodies, plasma proteins + hormones
75
fibrous proteins?
long thin molecules insoluble in water polypeptide chains are in parallel and have cross links strong + tough and used in collagen, tropocollagen and keratin
76
Test for a protein?
Biuret test (Cu(SO4 + NaOH) Cu(SO4 + 2NaOH ---- Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 blue solution is added to protein, producing a colour change from blue to lilac at low concentrations, colour is difficult to detect semi qualitative test

Biology AS (12 decks)

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