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Biology AS > Unit 1.5 > Flashcards

Unit 1.5 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Polymer?

A

made of monomers
single units
nucleotide

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2
Q

What is nucleotide made of?

A

3 components
Phosphate
Pentose
Sugar
Nitrogenous base

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3
Q

DNA sugar?

A

Deoxyribose

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4
Q

RNA sugar?

A

ribose

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5
Q

ATP?

A

Heterotrophic organisms derive chemical energy from food
Autotrophic organisms derive chemical energy from light energy through photosynthesis

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6
Q

what does it stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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7
Q

What does it mean by universal energy currency?

A

used in all chemical reactions in all cells

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8
Q

How much ATP do humans break down?

A

50 kg of ATP a day but the body only retains 5g because ATP is not a storage molecule

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9
Q

Equation?

A

ADP + Pi—- ATP
condensation / phosphorylation
ATP —- ADP +Pi
Hydrolysis

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10
Q

The structure of ATP?

A

when energy is needed in a living organism, the enzyme ATPase hydrolyses the termianl bond between the 2nd and third phosphate
if ATP = hydrolysed into adenine diphosphate
it releases 30.6kj of energy

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11
Q

Equation for this?

A

ADP+Pi — ATP
Photophosphoryation
condensation requires 30.6 KJ ( endergonic)

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12
Q

ATP transfers?

A

free energy from energy rich compounds (glucose) to cellular reactions it would produce a massive increase in temp which would destroy the cell
instead ATP releases small quantities of energy in a series of steps, minimising energy lost

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13
Q

Compare Glucose + ATP?

A

only 1 enzyme = needed to release energy from ATP but many are needed for glucose
ATP releases energy in small amounts when and where is needed whereas glucose releases energy all at once
ATP is a universal energy currency which can be used in all reactions in all cells but glucose cannot
ATP is easily hydrolysed in a single reaction, whereas glucose has many intermeidates

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14
Q

Role of ATP at cellular level?

A

metabolism
movement - muscle contraction
Active transport - to change the site of the carrier protein
nerve transmission - for use by Na+/K+ pump
secretion from vesicles
biolumniscence

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15
Q

Bioluminscence?

A

production + emission of light from a living organism

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16
Q

The structure of DNA?

A

pentose sugar in the nucleotide = deoxyribose
4 organic bases
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Sugar phosphate backbone protects genetic into 2 polynucleotide strands
in the shape of a double helix
bases face each other + joined by H bonds
between A+T - 2 H bonds
between C-G - 3 H bonds
A = complementary to T
G = complementary to C
DNA = very long, thin + tightly coiled into the chromosome
double helix diameter - 2nm
chromosome number = longest at 85nm
nucleotide in 1 strand = arranged in the opposite direction to those in the complementary strand
they are antiparallel - not going in the same direction

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17
Q

Functions of DNA?

A

single molecule which passes from generation to generation unchanged
a large molecule to accommodate the vast genetic information
the 2 strands are easily to separate as they’re held by weak hydrogen bonds
the bases of the inside of the double helix contain the genetic information whilst the backbone offers protection

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18
Q

Structure of RNA?

A

single stranded polynucleotide
contains pentose sugar ribose
2 purines (AG)
2 pyrimidines(CU)

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19
Q

3 types of RNA?

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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20
Q

mRNA?

A

messenger RNA
long, single stranded
synthesised in the nucleus
carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm(function)

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21
Q

rRNA?

A

ribosomal RNA
cytoplasm
large + complex
component of a ribosome

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22
Q

function?

A

the site of translation of the genetic code into proteins

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23
Q

tRNA?

A

Transfer DNA
small single stranded
folded so the bases can form complementary pairs
clover leafed shape

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24
Q

Function of tRNA?

Study These Flashcards
A

to carry a sequence of 3 bases called an anticodon + transport specific amino acids

25
Compare DNA and RNA?
DNA = double helix RNA = single stranded DNA = long RNA = short DNA = Deoxyribose RNA = ribose Purines = the same in both DNA = Pyrimidines CT RNA = Pyrimidines CU
26
Watson crick?
proposed the molecular structure of DNA they used information on Franklin + Wilkins who used X Ray defraction to show the structure of DNA
27
Function of DNA?
small molecules of DNA occur in chloroplasts and some have RNA 2 main functions = replication + DNA have complementary strands. the base sequence of 1 determines the other
28
If the 2 strands of double helix separate what happens?
2 identical double helixes can be formed each parent strand acts as a template
29
2nd function?
protein synthesis sequence of bases determines the amino acid sequence + protein which can be made
30
DNA replication?
chromosomes may make copies of themselves, so when the cell divides each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the genetic information this replication occurs during interphase in the nucleus
31
Conservative replication?
the parental double helix remains intact and whole new double helix is made the 2 new double helixes contain pigments from both parent strands
32
Semi Conservative Replication?
parental double helix seperates into 2 strands each strand acts as a template to produce a new strand
33
Meselson + Stahl?
cultured E.coli the medium contained the heavy isotope N15
34
Process?
the medium contained heavy isotope N15 create 4 test tubes light or heavy N15 were washed + transferred to a medium of N14 and were allowed to divide DNA from the first generation were centrifuged DNA from 2nd generation settled at a high point medium point and a lower point indicating N15 N15 N15 N14 N14 N14 this rules out conservative replication
35
Genetic code?
DNA = a store of genetic information Information = coded in the sequence of bases which make up genes Base sequences determines which amino acids join together and which proteins are made
36
If 3 bases = removed from a polypeptide chain?
there will be 1 less amino acid
37
If one base coded for 1 amino acid how many could be made?
only 4 amino acids
38
If 2 bases codes for 1 amino acid?
would be 16combinations
39
If 3 bases coded for 1 amino acids?
there would be 64 combinations
40
3 bases encode?
each amino acids and is known as the triplet code
41
4 to the power of n, what is n?
number of bases
42
How many possible codes?
but only 20 amino acids are found in proteins
43
Degenerate?
not being used but still present
44
Codon?
triplet of bases in DNA that codes for an amino acid
45
Anticodon?
a triplet of bases found on tRNA removal of introns
46
Intron?
non coding nucleotide sequence found in DNA and pre mRNA must be removed before sequence is copied
47
Exon?
a nucleotide sequence in DNA and pre - mRNA that remained present after the introns have been removed as it is coding DNA
48
In eukaryotes?
introns = removed before code is translated into a protein
49
Introns?
cut out using restriction endonuclease
50
What are exons joined by?
using enzyme ligase
51
Transcription?
a segment of DNA which acts as a template for the synthesis of a complementary sequence of RNA (using RNA polymerase)
52
Translation?
of codons on an mRNA strand on a ribosome in the cytoplasm which is used to produce a specific sequence of amino acids which can be made into a polypeptide chain using ribosome
52
Transcription?
DNA does not leave the nucleus as it is too big DNA acts as a template Enzyme DNA nuclease breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases the 2 strands seperate and unwind, exposing the bases mRNA enters through the nuclear pore and aligns opposite the DNA strand free nucleotides = present in the nuclear plasm enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the template of DNA at the start codon Free Nucleotides align opposite the template strand RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand, forming H bonds between the nucleotides The DNA strand rewinds to form a double helix
53
RNA polymerase?
when the RNA polymerase separates from the template strand a stop codon = signalled a newly formed complementary copy of mRNA leaves the nucleus via the nuclear pore
54
Translation?
Ribosome has 2 subunits large = 2 attachment sites small = 1 attachment sites the ribosome acts as a work bench to hold the codon and anti codon complex when the 2 amino acids sufficiently close they form a peptide bond the polypeptide chain = packaged and modified in the Golgi body 3 sites of translation Initiation elongation Termination
55
Intiation?
tRNA with the anticodon complex attaches to the ribosome forming H bonds with the mRNA strand second tRNA attaches to the ribosome, allowing peptide bonds to be formed
56
Elongation?
Ribosomal enzyme = required to create the peptide bond the first tRNA leaves and returns to the cytoplasm to find specific amino acids Ribosome moves by 1 codon along the mRNA strand Another tRNA binds
57
Termination?
sequence repeats until a stop codon = reached the ribosome, mRNA and polypeptide = separate

Biology AS (12 decks)

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