2.1 Conceptual Models, Interface Metaphors and Paradigms

Question 1

1. Orientation
2. Common ground
3. Open-mindedness

Answer 1

Benefits of Conceptualizing the Design Space

Question 2

Enabling the design team to ask specific kinds of questions about how the conceptual model will be understood by the targeted users

Answer 2

Orientation

Question 3

Allowing the design team to establish a set of common terms that all can understand and agree upon

Answer 3

Common ground

Question 4

Preventing the design team from becoming narrowly focused early on

Answer 4

Open-mindedness

Question 5

________________________ describe conceptual models as “a high-level description of how a system is organized and operates”

Answer 5

Johnson and Henderson (2002)

Question 6

A _______________________ provides a working strategy and a framework of general concepts and their interrelations

Answer 6

conceptual model

Question 7

The core components of conceptual models are:

Answer 7

• Metaphors and analogies
• Concepts
• Relationships
• Mappings

Question 8

These convey to people how to understand what a product is for and how to use it for an activity

Answer 8

Metaphors and analogies

Question 9

These are what people are exposed to through the project

Answer 9

Concepts

Question 10

The ____________ between those concepts are also important

Answer 10

relationships

Question 11

The ____________ between the concepts and the user experience the product is designed to support or invoke

Answer 11

mappings

Question 12

Steps in Formulating a Conceptual Model:

Answer 12

1. What will the users be doing when carrying out their tasks?
2. How will the system support these?
3. What kind of interface metaphor will be appropriate?
4. What kinds of interaction modes and styles to use?

Question 13

Kinds and ways to classify conceptual models:

Answer 13

1. Can be described in terms of core activities and objects
2. Also in terms of interface metaphors

Question 14

Conceptual Models Based on Activities

Answer 14

1. Giving instructions
2. Conversing
3. Manipulating/Navigating

Question 15

Issuing commands using keyboard and function keys and selecting options via menus

Answer 15

Giving instructions

Question 16

Users instruct the system and tell it what to do (e.g., tell the time, print a file, save a file)

Answer 16

Giving instructions

Question 17

The main benefit is that instruction supports quick and efficient interaction

Answer 17

Giving instructions

Question 18

Interacting with the system as if having a conversation

Answer 18

Conversing

Question 19

Examples include: timetables, search engines, advice-giving systems, Help systems

Answer 19

Conversing

Question 20

Acting on objects and interacting with virtual objects

Answer 20

Manipulating/Navigating

Question 21

Involves dragging, selecting, opening, closing, and zooming actions on virtual objects

Answer 21

Manipulating/Navigating

Question 22

Exemplified by:

Answer 22

1. What you see is what you get
2. Direct manipulation approach

Question 23

What the user is doing when interacting with a system

Answer 23

Interaction Mode

Question 24

The kind of interface used to support the mode

Answer 24

Interaction Style

Question 25

This type of conceptual model is good for 'doing' types of tasks

Answer 25

Direct manipulation

Question 26

This type of conceptual model is good for repetitive tasks

Answer 26

Issuing instructions

Question 27

This type of conceptual model is good for children, computer-phobic, disabled users and specialized applications

Answer 27

Conversing

Question 28

____________ conceptual models are often employed, where different ways of carrying out the same actions are supported at the interface

Answer 28

Hybrid

Question 29

An interface designed to be similar to a physical entity but also has its own properties (e.g., desktop metaphor, web portals)

Answer 29

Interface metaphor

Question 30

____________ are considered to be a central component of a conceptual model

Answer 30

Metaphors

Question 31

Kinds of Interaction Styles

Answer 31

1. Command 2. Form Fill-in 3. Speech 4. Inquiry 5. Web 6. Gesture 7. Data Entry 8. Graphical (GUI) 9. Augmented Reality 10. Pen/Stylus

Question 32

____________ are another form of inspiration for conceptual models

Answer 32

Paradigms

Question 33

To follow a particular ____________ means adopting a set of practices that a community has agreed upon

Answer 33

paradigm