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BIAN1002 > 2.1 Primate Traits > Flashcards

2.1 Primate Traits Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two infraorders of strepsirrhines?

A

Lemuriformes and lorisiformes

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2
Q

What does the suborder strepsirrhini include?

A
  • lemuriformes
  • lorisiformes
  • chiromyiformes
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3
Q

Where are strepsirrhines found?

A
  • aftotropical and indo-malayan regions
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4
Q

how do larger and smaller strepsirrhines differ?

A

Larger strepsirrhines are diurnal or cathemeral (active at twilight)
Smallest strepsirrhines are nocturnal

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5
Q

What are the ancestral traits of strepsirrhines?

A
  • Small-bodied
  • Large, mobile ears
  • Immobile face
  • Longer snout
  • Rhinariums
  • Greater reliance on smell
  • Less convergent eyes - Large eyes
  • Tapetum lucidum (layer behind retina causes
    ‘eye shine’ in nocturnal animals – provides
    excellent night vision, but blurry vision in light)
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6
Q

What is the ecology of strepsirrhines? Is it ancestral or derived?

A
  • mostly ancestral
  • insectivorous or frugivourous
  • rely on vertical clininging and leaping locomotion
  • mostly noctornal or crepuscular
  • mostly arboreal
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7
Q

What are the derived traits of strepsirrhines?

A
  • dental comb lower jaw
  • small upper incisors
  • grooming claw on second digit of each foot
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8
Q

What is a rhinarium and its purpose? Do strepsirrhines have one?

A
  • Yes
  • Rhinarium is the mostly hairless, moist pad at the
    end of the nose (like in dogs and cats)  Enhances the sense of smell
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9
Q

What are the three main types of vertical clinging and leaping?

A
  • Indri:
  • Tasers
  • Galago
    All land on hind limbs.
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10
Q

What is included in the infraorder lemuriformes?

A

Cheirogaleidae, Lepilemuridae, Lemuridae, Indriidae

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11
Q

Where are lemuriformes found?

A

Madagascar only

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12
Q

What are the activity of lemurs at night/day?

A
  • Larger lemurs tend to be diurnal or cathemeral (active at twilight)
  • Smaller lemurs tend to be nocturnal
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13
Q

Who is dominant in lemuriformes social group? Breeding pattern?

A
  • Females

- Seasonal due to dry climate

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14
Q

What is the active time, diet and social pattern of smaller lemuriformes?

A
  • Smaller lemurs tend to be nocturnal
  • Insectivorous and/or gummnivorous (sap & gum eating)
  • Solitary, or small groups
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15
Q

What are mouse lemur and four-marked lemur examples of?

A

Small lemuriformes

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16
Q

What is the active time, diet, transport pattern, social pattern of larger lemuriformes?

A
  • Larger lemurs tend to be diurnal or cathemeral or nocturnal (Aye-aye)
  • Diverse diets
  • Diverse social organizations
  • Some are arboreal, others terrestrial
  • All adopt some leaping
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17
Q

What are sifaka, aye aye and ringtailed lemurs?

A

Larger lemuriformes

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18
Q

What does the Cheirogaleidae Taxa ?

A

Family - down from lemuriformes

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19
Q

where are Cheirogaleidae found? Environment?

A

Madagascar
Tropical lowland, humid montane, dry deciduous, spiny forests
and scrub

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20
Q

WHat is the diet and activity pattern of cheirogalelade?

A

Mostly insectivorous
Fork-marked lemurs (Phaner) is gummivorous (gum & saps)
Mostly nocturnal

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of Cheirogalidae?

A 
Small lemurs (20 – 60 cm) 
Smallest primates (30 –500 g) 
 Elongated bodies with
short limbs 
Short snout
25 
Large eyes 
Mobile, membranous
ears 
Short dense fur 
Long tail
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22
Q

Where are lepilemuridae found?

A

Madagascar
Primary and secondary low-mid elevations, evergreen & deciduous forests,
transitional subhumid thorn, gallery and spiny forests, & scrubland

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23
Q

What is the dietary pattern of lepilemuridae?

A

Mostly insectivorous

Mostly nocturnal

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24
Q

What is the size and weight of lepilemuridae?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Medium sized lemurs 40-60 cm

- 550-1100g

25
What are the facial characteristics of lepilemuridae?
- short, bluntish face - large eyes - round ears
26
What are the body characteristics of lepilemuridae?
- tail shorter than body - short dense, woolly fur - long hindlimbs
27
Where are Lemuridae found? When are they active?
Only found in Madagascar Dry, subhumid primary & degraded forests, dense bamboo & vines, papyrus reed beds Nocturnal, diurnal, cathemeral
28
What is the size of lemuridae?
40-60cm
29
What are the body and facial features of lemuridae?
``` Slightly laterally directed, rounded ears Short, dense fur Long tail Elongated, tapering snout ```
30
Where are Indriidae found and when are they active?
Only in Madagascar Tropical, humid, dry lowland & montane forests Indri territory vocalisations common in morning/late afternoon
31
How big are Indriidae
Medium - large lemurs (50 – 110 | cm)
32
What are the body characteristics of indriidae?
``` Large eyes Short, board snout Small ears Long tail (except Indri) Elongated, powerful hindlimbs Elongated hands & feet with nails ```
33
How do chiromyiformes relate to strepsirrhini?
They are one of three infraorders. Lemurifromes and losiformes are the others.
34
What are Daubentonidae?
The family of chiromyiformes. Just includes the aye-aye.
35
Where are Daubentonidae found?
All forest types except spiny.
36
What are the defining characteristics of Daubentonidae?
The third long-bony digit is used to fish grubs out of wood Larger brain than other strepsirrhines from a diet including bird’s eggs and other animal matter
37
What is the size and body features of Daubentonidae?
Medium-sized lemur (70 – 90 cm) Large forward-facing eyes Laterally protruding, mobile membranous ears Large, continuously-growing rodent-like incisors Long, thin digits, very long, bony third finger Long, coarse shaggy fur Long bushy tail
38
Why do sifaka leap on the ground?
They can't run very well.
39
What do lorisiformes include?
- Galagidae | - Lorsidae
40
Where are lorisiformes found?
Central Africa & S.E Asia 50 Lorises inhabit South and Southeast Asia Pottos and galagos inhabit Central Africa
41
When are lorisiformes active and how do they move?
Nocturnal, diurnal, cathemeral Insectivorous or frugivorous Slow moving, arboreal quadrupeds
42
What is the ecology of lorisidae?
Afrotropical & Indo-Malayan regions Swamp, lowland flooded riparian, semi-evergreen, dry dipterocarp, mid-elevation to montane forests, coastal scrub, woodlands & plantations
43
What is the morphology of lorisidae?
``` Small lemurids (20 – 50 cm) Rounded head Large eyes Small ears Angwantibos Forelimbs and hindlimbs similar length Opposable hands and feet Vestigial tail ```
44
What is the ecology of Galagidae?
- Afrotropical Regions - Tropical lowland, swamp, riparian, montane & submontane forests, thicket & scrub, hilly & semiarid woodlands, savannah & plantations
45
What is the morphology of Galagidae?
``` Small-medium sized strepsirrhines (30 – 90 cm) Short snout Round eyes Large, naked membranous, mobile ears Highly developed elongated hindlimbs Large soft woolly fur Long, thick tail ```
46
What are the differences in geographic range between lemurs and Lorises, Pottos and Galagos?
Lemurs: Madagascar LPGs: South and southeast asia and central asia
47
What are the differences in activity patterns between lemurs and Lorises, Pottos and Galagos?
Lemurs: Diurnal, nocturnal or cathemeral LPGs: noctornal
48
What are the differences in dietary patterns between lemurs and Lorises, Pottos and Galagos?
Lemurs: Insectivore, frugivore or folivore LPGs: Insectivore, frugivore
49
What are the differences in social groupings between lemurs and Lorises, Pottos and Galagos?
Lemurs: Solitary, pairs, or small to large groups LPGs: Solitary
50
What are the differences in locomotion forms between lemurs and Lorises, Pottos and Galagos?
Lemurs: Vertical clinger leapers, quadrupedal LPGs: Slow quadrupedal climbers and active quadrupedal runners
51
What are the haplorrhines?
Other suborder of Primates.
52
What are included in Haplorrhines?
► Tarsiers, Monkeys, Apes (including Humans)
53
What are the activity patterns of haplorrhines?
► All diurnal (except - Owl monkeys & tarsiers)
54
What are the defining traits of haplorrhines?
►Reduced olfactory reliance than strepsirrhines ► Reduced sense of smell & hearing ► Enhanced vision ► Flatter faces ► Dry noses (no rhinarium) ► Mobile upper lip (more expressive faces) ► Smaller immobile ears (except tarsiers)
55
What are the general characteristics of Tarsiiformes? Where are they found, activity, diet, lovomotion?
Tarsiers inhabit island Southeast Asia Nocturnal Mostly insectivorous Quick moving, vertical clinging & leaping
56
What traits are unique to tarsiers?
``` Elongated tarsal bones- great leapers 65 ► Can swivel their necks 180º in either direction ► Consume only animal prey (by hunting) ► Largest eyes relative to body size of any living creature (cannot be moved within their sockets) ```
57
What is the Tarsiidae ecology?
 Indo-Malayan regions  Humid lowland, montane bamboo, secondary & degraded forests  Nocturnal  Mostly insectivorous hunting animal prey
58
Tarsidae morphology
 Small haplorrhines (30 – 40 cm)  Reduced, dry furry nose  Board rounded head  Very large, forward facing eyes  Elongated hindlimbs  Long, slender digits with ‘soft’ rounded pads  Long, fleshy rat-like tail

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