21 Review Flashcards
What effects does progesterone have on the fallopian tubes?
Reduce motility within/of fallopian tubes
How does the COCP work as contraception?
Inhibits HPG axis
Why don’t we use oestrogen on its own as contraception?
Level at which oestrogen will have positive feedback rather than negative is difficult to determine
Therefore used with progesterone (negative feedback effect)
Useful to think about contraception types and infertility causes:
Why might the IUD cause eratic bleeding?
Copper in device= toxic to sperm but also an irritant
How can clinicians help with delayed onset of labour?
- Local prostaglandins
- Oxytocin- stronger and not usually first line
Describe braxton hicks contractions
Ineffective contractions
(more like ketchup bottle then contractions for labour which move up then down to push baby down from top)
Useful diagram:
Give some risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse
Obesity
Heavy lifting (anything causing raised intra-abdominal pressure)
Previous gynaecological surgery
CT disorder
Menopause (lack of oestrogen)
Steroid treatment
What is the normal range of volume for ejaculate?
2-4ml
Distinguish between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis
Spermatogenesis= spermatogonia –> spermatid
- in seminiferous tubules
Spermiogenesis= spermatid –> spermatozoa (maturation of sperm- tail formation)
-in seminiferous tubules
From which region of the embryo do primordial germ cells arise?
Yolk sac
Describe the lymphatic driange of the cervix.
What bacteria is the most common cause of bacterial vaginosis?
Gardnerella vaginalis (+other anaerobes)
Approximately how long after implantation can hCG be detected in urine?
2 weeks
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