2.1.1-5 Flashcards by Sasha White

steps of fertilisation

ovulation
ovum swept into fallopian tube
sperm penetrates ovum and tail detaches
ovum becomes impenetrable 
genetic info combined
fertilised egg implants in endometrium

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what day is ovulation

day 14 of menstrual cycle

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germinal stage time

conception - implantation (end week 2)

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embryonic stage time

implantation (end week 2) - end week 8

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foetal stage time

end week 8 - birth

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germinal stage

zygote -> morula -> blastocyst
zygote travels down fallopian tube while constantly dividing to 16 cells
morula after 5 days, 64 cells
transforms into inner and outer mass and hollow centre
blastocyst, inner -> embryo, outer -> placenta

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zygote

a fertilised ovum

0-16 cells

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morula

solid ball of cells resulting from division of zygote

16-64 cells

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blastocyst

inner mass will become embryo and outer mass will become placenta
64 cells

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embryonic stage

no period b/c HCG hormone increase means detectable pregnancy
cell differentiation and specialisation
most organs and systems are formed
brain and spinal cord almost complete
placenta and umbilical cord begin to function
embryo sensitive to teratogens

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teratogens

anything in the environment of the embryo that can cause defects in development
e.g. tobacco, alcohol, medication

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foetal stage

‘foetus’
all organs and systems are formed, mature and are functioning (lungs, digestive system, liver, kidneys)
placenta fully developed
sex identifiable: 15th week
reflexes highly responsive and continue to develop
senses function: 25 weeks

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placenta

supplies the foetus with oxygen, nutrients and immune system support

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trimesters

first: 1-13
second: 14-27
third: 28-birth

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perinatal mortality

relates to the death of babies before birth (over 20 weeks gestation) and up to 28 days after birth

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leading causes of perinatal mortality

congenital abnormalities
spontaneous preterm births
unexplained antepartum deaths

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congenital abnormalities

birth defects

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spontaneous preterm births

relates to births where labour begins without medical intervention between the 20th-37th weeks of pregnancy
organs born prematurely and not fully developed

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unexplained antepartum deaths

related to babies who are born with no signs of life

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prenatal morbidity

usually goes undiagnosed until birth

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leading causes of prenatal morbidity

neural tube defects

down syndrome

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neural tube defects

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a group of conditions that occur when the neural tube does not fuse completely

spina bifida

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the most common NTD
occurs when the spinal nerves protrude through the gap in the unclosed vertebrae instead of growing down the middle of the spinal column

down syndrome

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chromosomal abnormalities
3 chromosomes on 21st pair
physical features (eyes, face, stature) slowed intellectual development

maternal mortality

relates to death among pregnant women where the cause of death is attributed to the pregnancy itself cardiovascular conditions and haemorrhage (excessive blood loss) likewise

leading causes of maternal morbidity

gestational diabetes pre-eclampsia ectopic pregnancy

gestational diabetes

a form of diabetes that can occur during pregnancy in women who have no previously been diagnosed with diabetes

characteristics of GD

high blood glucose level -> high birth weight, respiratory conditions, jaundice impact on: high blood pressure, pre-term labour, increased risk of developing T2 diabetes

pre-eclampsia

a disorder of pregnancy characterised by hypertension, protein in the urine and fluid retention -> swollen hands, feet and face cure: delivery of baby

risk factors of pre eclampsia

first pregnancy pre-existing high blood pressure family history multiple births

ectopic pregnancy

occurs when instead of implanting in the uterus, the embryo impacts elsewhere in the mothers reproductive system (usually fallopian tubes) most cases embryo won't survive

biological determinant definition

factors relating to the body that impact on health, such as genetics, hormones, body weight, blood pressure and cholesterol levels

behavioural determinant definition

actions or patterns of living of an individual or a group that impact on health, such as smoking, sexual activity, participation in physical activity and eating practises

social determinant defintion

aspects of society and the social environment that impacts on health, such a sporty, early life experiences, social networks and support

physical environment definition

the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. the physical environment includes water and air, work places, housing, roads, nature, schools, recreation settings and exposure to hazards

low birth weight

low: under 2500 very low: under 1500 extremely low: under 1000

foetal alcohol syndrome

excessive consumption of alcohol low birth weight, thin upper lip, smaller eyes, heart defects learning difficulties, poor memory

spina bifida

NTD | abnormal development of the brain and spinal cord, protrudes out the back

low birth weight impacts on health

under-developed immune system: risk of infection respiratory conditions jaundice apnoea

FAS impacts on health

impaired brain development | under-nourishment of growing baby: low birth weight, under-developed organs

spina bifida impacts on health

paralysed: trouble with daily tasks damaged nerves: moderate to severe disabilities hydrocephalus (build up of fluid in brain)

low birth weight risk factors

multiple pregnancy maternal age (45) premature birth poor maternal nutrition

FAS risk factors

maternal alcohol consumption

spina bifida risk factors

maternal nutrition: lack of folate | genetics, family history

low birth weight protective factors

single pregnancy antenatal healthcare maternal nutrition

FAS protective factors

maternal abstinence from alcohol

spina bifida protective factors

maternal nutrition: intake of folate

low birth weight strategies

Healthy Mothers Healthy Babies program

FAS strategies

avoid alcohol | Drink Wise Australia

spina bifida strategies

folic acid supplements Spina Bifida Foundation Victoria Food standards: folate in bread

example of biological

genetics: cystic fibrosis

example of behavioural

maternal nutrition: folate | alcohol use

example of social

access to healthcare: antenatal health

example of physical environment

tobacco smoke in home

2.1.1-5 Flashcards

(54 cards)