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601 EXAM 2 > 2.13 Mendelian genetics > Flashcards

2.13 Mendelian genetics Flashcards

1
Q

_______ creates genetically identical offspring. what organisms do this?

A
  • asexual reproduction
  • bacteria, single celled organisms, plants, worms
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2
Q

Diploid cells have ____ set(s) of chromosomes and haploid cells have _____ set(s)

A

2,1

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3
Q

what are the benefits of sex?

A
  • mixes 2 genomes
    -competitive advantage
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4
Q

zygote

A

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

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5
Q

gamete

A

mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

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6
Q

______ are produced from diploid cells through meiosis

A

haploid germ cells (egg and sperm)

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7
Q

each chromosome consists of 2 ______

A

sister chromatids

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8
Q

how are mitosis and meiosis 1 metaphase similar?

A
  • Mitosis: homologous chromosomes line up
  • Meiosis 1: homologous chromosomes are paired at metaphase plate
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9
Q

crossing over

A

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, which results in new allelic combinations in the daughter cells.

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10
Q

______ pull the chromosomes which just crossed over in separate directions

A

kinetochores

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11
Q

the 2nd meiotic division produces _________

A

haploid daughter cells

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12
Q

know basic steps of meiosis/mitosis

A
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13
Q

what 2 things can cause variation?

A
  • independent assortment
  • crossing over during meiotic prophase I
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14
Q

meiotic non-disjunction can cause what?

A

trisomy, monosomy

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15
Q

how did Mendel study inheritance?

A

by breeding pea plants

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16
Q

In Mendels experiment, what colors were F0, F1, F2 generation?

A

F0: yellow parent, green parent
F1: all yellow
F2: 75% yellow, 25% green

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17
Q

Discrete/discontinuous traits

A

controlled by a small number of genes, often only one. These genes generally have two alleles (BB, Bb, bb)

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18
Q

each gamete carries _____ for each character/trait

A

one single allele

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19
Q

know how to work a simple Yy x Yy punnett square

A
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20
Q

Mendel’s law of segregation applies to all sexually reproducing organisms. What is this law?

A

During the formation of gamete, each gene separates from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene

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21
Q

characteristics of autosomal recessive disorder?

A
  • affect both M/F
  • skips generation
22
Q

ex of autosomal recessive disorder:

A

albinism

23
Q

incest makes what more likely to occur?

A

homozygous recessive diseases

24
Q

alleles for different traits segregate _____

A

independently

25
Q

Chromosomes’ behavior during meiosis underlies Mendels laws of inheritance, How?

A

gametes assort independently
crossing over (complicates things)
you get variety of gametes

26
Q

the closer genes are on a chromosome, the less likely what is to happen?

A

for them to be separated by crossing over

27
Q

chromosome crossing over can be used to determine what?

A

the order of genes (what stays together during crossing over will usually be close)

28
Q

mutations in genes can cause a ______ of function

A

loss OR gain

29
Q

recessive allele usually does what?

A

reduces/eliminates activity of the gene (the dominant gene over-rules usually)
- loss of fxn

30
Q

overactive mutations usually _____.

A

dominant (make too much)

31
Q

what are the types of mutations?

A

loss of function (point, truncation, deletion)
gain of function
conditional (only at certain temps for ex)

32
Q

we all may have harmful recessive alleles but why dont we see them?

A

we usually wont reproduce with someone that has the same recessive allele (except cousins)

33
Q

_______ can be used to injure the DNA to see what happens

A

mutagen

34
Q

example of conditional mutation?

A

cell stops growth at certain temp. you can breed this cell and see if it shows up again

35
Q

C. elegens mutation makes what happen?

A

eat separately and not in clumps like normal

36
Q

do phenotypes always have to be caused by the same gene?

A

NO

37
Q

how can you tell if a mutation is caused by the same gene?

A

a complementation test

38
Q

what are SNPs?

A

every ~1000 nucleotides we have 1 nucleotide different (single nucleotide polymorphism)

39
Q

SNPs can be landmarks for what?

A

genetic mapping

40
Q

disruptions in SNP patterns may indicate what?

A

location of mutant gene

41
Q

haplotype

A

“haploid genotype”
- group of alleles from closely linked loci that are usually inherited as a unit
- set of restriction fragment lengths closely linked to one another and to a gene of interest
-can stay consistent no matter whats surrounding them

42
Q

haplotype blocks can give clues to what?

A

evolutionary history

43
Q

you can trace _______ to reveal the location of a disease carrying gene

A

the inheritance of SNPS within a haplotyope block

44
Q

autosomal dominant

A

heterozygous individual has phenotype

45
Q

autosomal recessive

A

heterozygotes don’t have phenotype

46
Q

sex linked

A

allele on X chromosome

47
Q

why might a recessive trait have a survival advantage? EX?

A

sickle cell anemia makes you malaria resistant

48
Q

what is the cause of sickle cell anemia?

A

A–>T change, glu –> val

49
Q

sickle cell Hb is _____ soluble than normal Hb

A

less (RBC more fragile too)

50
Q

there is an association with patients who have sickle cell anemia and ______

A

DMFT index

51
Q

complex traits are influenced by _______

A

multiple genes

52
Q

some human traits are influenced by ______

A

environment

601 EXAM 2 (11 decks)

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