2.13 Mendelian genetics

Question 1

_______ creates genetically identical offspring. what organisms do this?

Answer 1

• asexual reproduction
• bacteria, single celled organisms, plants, worms

Question 2

Diploid cells have ____ set(s) of chromosomes and haploid cells have _____ set(s)

Answer 2

2,1

Question 3

what are the benefits of sex?

Answer 3

• mixes 2 genomes
  -competitive advantage

Question 4

zygote

Answer 4

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

Question 5

gamete

Answer 5

mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

Question 6

______ are produced from diploid cells through meiosis

Answer 6

haploid germ cells (egg and sperm)

Question 7

each chromosome consists of 2 ______

Answer 7

sister chromatids

Question 8

how are mitosis and meiosis 1 metaphase similar?

Answer 8

• Mitosis: homologous chromosomes line up
• Meiosis 1: homologous chromosomes are paired at metaphase plate

Question 9

crossing over

Answer 9

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, which results in new allelic combinations in the daughter cells.

Question 10

______ pull the chromosomes which just crossed over in separate directions

Answer 10

kinetochores

Question 11

the 2nd meiotic division produces _________

Answer 11

haploid daughter cells

Question 12

know basic steps of meiosis/mitosis

Answer 12

Question 13

what 2 things can cause variation?

Answer 13

• independent assortment
• crossing over during meiotic prophase I

Question 14

meiotic non-disjunction can cause what?

Answer 14

trisomy, monosomy

Question 15

how did Mendel study inheritance?

Answer 15

by breeding pea plants

Question 16

In Mendels experiment, what colors were F0, F1, F2 generation?

Answer 16

F0: yellow parent, green parent
F1: all yellow
F2: 75% yellow, 25% green

Question 17

Discrete/discontinuous traits

Answer 17

controlled by a small number of genes, often only one. These genes generally have two alleles (BB, Bb, bb)

Question 18

each gamete carries _____ for each character/trait

Answer 18

one single allele

Question 19

know how to work a simple Yy x Yy punnett square

Answer 19

Question 20

Mendel’s law of segregation applies to all sexually reproducing organisms. What is this law?

Answer 20

During the formation of gamete, each gene separates from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene

Question 21

characteristics of autosomal recessive disorder?

Answer 21

• affect both M/F
• skips generation

Question 22

ex of autosomal recessive disorder:

Answer 22

albinism

Question 23

incest makes what more likely to occur?

Answer 23

homozygous recessive diseases

Question 24

alleles for different traits segregate _____

Answer 24

independently

Question 25

Chromosomes' behavior during meiosis underlies Mendels laws of inheritance, How?

Answer 25

gametes assort independently crossing over (complicates things) you get variety of gametes

Question 26

the closer genes are on a chromosome, the less likely what is to happen?

Answer 26

for them to be separated by crossing over

Question 27

chromosome crossing over can be used to determine what?

Answer 27

the order of genes (what stays together during crossing over will usually be close)

Question 28

mutations in genes can cause a ______ of function

Answer 28

loss OR gain

Question 29

recessive allele usually does what?

Answer 29

reduces/eliminates activity of the gene (the dominant gene over-rules usually) - loss of fxn

Question 30

overactive mutations usually _____.

Answer 30

dominant (make too much)

Question 31

what are the types of mutations?

Answer 31

loss of function (point, truncation, deletion) gain of function conditional (only at certain temps for ex)

Question 32

we all may have harmful recessive alleles but why dont we see them?

Answer 32

we usually wont reproduce with someone that has the same recessive allele (except cousins)

Question 33

_______ can be used to injure the DNA to see what happens

Answer 33

mutagen

Question 34

example of conditional mutation?

Answer 34

cell stops growth at certain temp. you can breed this cell and see if it shows up again

Question 35

C. elegens mutation makes what happen?

Answer 35

eat separately and not in clumps like normal

Question 36

do phenotypes always have to be caused by the same gene?

Answer 36

NO

Question 37

how can you tell if a mutation is caused by the same gene?

Answer 37

a complementation test

Question 38

what are SNPs?

Answer 38

every ~1000 nucleotides we have 1 nucleotide different (single nucleotide polymorphism)

Question 39

SNPs can be landmarks for what?

Answer 39

genetic mapping

Question 40

disruptions in SNP patterns may indicate what?

Answer 40

location of mutant gene

Question 41

haplotype

Answer 41

"haploid genotype" - group of alleles from closely linked loci that are usually inherited as a unit - set of restriction fragment lengths closely linked to one another and to a gene of interest -can stay consistent no matter whats surrounding them

Question 42

haplotype blocks can give clues to what?

Answer 42

evolutionary history

Question 43

you can trace _______ to reveal the location of a disease carrying gene

Answer 43

the inheritance of SNPS within a haplotyope block

Question 44

autosomal dominant

Answer 44

heterozygous individual has phenotype

Question 45

autosomal recessive

Answer 45

heterozygotes don't have phenotype

Question 46

sex linked

Answer 46

allele on X chromosome

Question 47

why might a recessive trait have a survival advantage? EX?

Answer 47

sickle cell anemia makes you malaria resistant

Question 48

what is the cause of sickle cell anemia?

Answer 48

A-->T change, glu --> val

Question 49

sickle cell Hb is _____ soluble than normal Hb

Answer 49

less (RBC more fragile too)

Question 50

there is an association with patients who have sickle cell anemia and ______

Answer 50

DMFT index

Question 51

complex traits are influenced by _______

Answer 51

multiple genes

Question 52

some human traits are influenced by ______

Answer 52

environment