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601 EXAM 2 > 4.4 Bone > Flashcards

4.4 Bone Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 functions of bone?

A

Protection, support, locomotion, mineral reservoir (Ca2+, PO4, Mg2+)

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2
Q

bone is _____ vascular and ____ inntervated

A

Highly, IS

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3
Q

composition of bone ECM?

A

50% organic, 50% inorganic

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4
Q

inorganic components of bone ECM (3)

A
  • Hydroxyapatite crystals
  • Citrate and carbonate ions
  • Mg2+, K2+, Na2+
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5
Q

organic components of bone ECM (2)

A
  1. collagenous proteins (90%)
  2. non-collagenous proteins (10%)
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6
Q

what are 2 examples of collagenous proteins in bones?

A

type 1 and V collagen

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7
Q

______ are glycosaminoglycan side chains + core protein

A

Proteoglycans

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8
Q

_______ mediate matrix assembly/mineralization (DMP1, OPN, BSP)

A

Sibling proteins

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9
Q

________ capture calcium from plasma (ex:osteocalcin)

A

Bone specific vitamin-K dependent proteins

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10
Q

____ is a thin CT layer that lines all _____ surfaces
and Contains bone forming cells

A

Endosteum, inner

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11
Q

______ is the dense CT layer that is attached to bone via Sharpey’s layers

A

Periosteum

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12
Q

the inner osteogenic layer of the periosteum contains _______ and the outer fibrous layer contains ______

A

bone forming cells, fibroblasts

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13
Q

_______ are the source of new osteoblasts that are located on or near free surface

A

Osteoprogenitor cells (Opc)

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14
Q

where do osteoprogenitor cells come from?

A

mesenchymal cells in bone marrow

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15
Q

______ synthesize/secrete osteoid (Os), release matrix vesicles, and are found in actively forming bone surfaces

A

osteoblasts

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16
Q

what are osteoblasts originated from?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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17
Q

______ are mechanosensors and orchestrators of the bone remodeling process that communicate with osteoblasts via Canalicuae. They are located ________

A
  • osteocytes
  • within lacunae surrounded by mineralized bone
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18
Q

Osteocytes are derived from ____

A

osteoblasts

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19
Q

______ function in bone reabsorption and are loated in pits in the bone surface which are called resorption bays (Howship’s lacunae)

A

Osteoclasts

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20
Q

Osteoblasts have a ___ amount of golgi, RER and mitochondria and secrete a large amount of _____

A

Large, ECM

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21
Q

differences between Quiescent, Formative, and resorptive osteocytes??

A
  1. Quiescent
    - Surrounded by bone matrix
    - Filopodia extend away from cell body, links cells by gap jxns
    - Decreased golgi/ER
  2. Formative (right pic)
    - Contain RER/golgi
    - Small amt osteoid visible in space surrounding cell
    - Un-mineralized collagen fibrils present in osteoid
  3. Resorptive
    - Many mitochondria
    - Lysosomes containing enzymes in cytoplasm
    - dissolve/chew away bone
    - NO fibrils in pericellular space
    - Large Golgi
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22
Q

______ are giant multinucleated cells that have many golgi/lysosomes, a ruffled border facing the bone surface, and communicate via _____

A

osteoclasts
gap jxns

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23
Q

_______ are the spaces between lamellae containing an osteocyte

A

Lacunae

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24
Q

____ are the tiny canals that connect all lacunae

A

Canaliculi

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25
Q

______ are thin, actin-rich plasma-membrane protrusions that function as antennae for cells to probe their environment

A

filopedia

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26
Q

______ are any of the tiny depressions, pits, or irregular grooves in bone that is being resorbed by osteoclasts

A

Howship’s lacunae

27
Q

________ are the chief structural unit of compact (cortical) bone, consisting of concentric bone layers called lamellae, which surround a long hollow passageway, the Haversian canal

A

Haversian systems

28
Q

_______ are any of the minute tubes which form a network in bone and contain blood vessels

A

Haversian canals

29
Q

___________ are the layers around haversians canal

A

Haversian (concentric) lamellae

30
Q

_________ fill the spaces between osteons

A

Interstitial lamellae

31
Q

______ run around the circumference of bone

A

Circumferential lamellae:

32
Q

_______ are any of the small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that communicate with the haversian canals.

A

Volkmann’s canals

33
Q

______ are small (20-200 nm) spherical bodies observed in the pre-mineralized matrix of dentin, cartilage and bone.

A

Matrix vesicles

34
Q

what are the 3 kinds of intramembraneous ossification?

A

embryonic, sutural, periosteal

35
Q

_______ drive intramembranous ossification. Is there a cartilagenous intermediate?

A

extrinsinc forces
NO

36
Q

what are the 2 kinds of endochondral ossifcation?

A

embryonic, growth plate/synchondrosal/postnatal expansion

37
Q

difference between intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?

A

In intramembranous ossification, bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue. In endochondral ossification, bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage.

38
Q

what are the steps of embryonic endochondral ossification?

A

mesenchymal blastema formation → formation of hyaline cartilage model of bone → hypertrophy and destruction of chondrocytes and calcification of cartilage → cartilage replaced by bone → bone osteoid deposition and mineralization of calcified cartilage spicules

39
Q

postnatal growth is driven by ______

A

growth plates

40
Q

what are the different zones of post-natal expansion?

A

resting zone, proliferation zone, hypertrophy, zone of calcified cartilage, zone of ossification

41
Q

______ is where progenitor cartilage cells rest, and the cells are smaller

A

Resting zone

42
Q

_______ is where cells start rapidly dividing, expanding growth plate, stack in direction of bone axis

A

Proliferation zone

43
Q

______ is where cells swell and bubble, pushes ECM to condense and calcify them

A

Hypertrophyzone

44
Q

_________ is the blue matrix; scaffold for osteoblasts to lay down bone matrix

A

Zone of calcified cartilage

45
Q

______ is the Pink matrix, comes from osteoids by osteoblast, and uses calcified cartilage as template

A

Zone of ossification

46
Q

Endochondral ossification has ______ growth potential. Does it have cartilagenous growth plates?

A

INTRINSIC, yes

47
Q

______ is growth formed around the trabeculae by differentiating mesenchymal cells.

A

Periosteal growth

48
Q

______ growth produces new bone at the sutural edges of the bone fronts in response to external stimuli, such as signals arising from the expanding neurocranium

A

Sutral intramembranous bone

49
Q

__________ is the part of a long bone where new bone growth takes place

A

Epiphyseal disc (growth plate)

50
Q

______ is unmineralized bone tissue and is a key structure in the development of mature mineralized bone.

A

Osteoid

51
Q

______ is the first bone laid down. It is formed from osteoblasts producing osteoid rapidly in fetal bones

A

Woven/primary/immature bone

52
Q

_______ is the main type of bone in mature skeleton. It comes from aligned rows of osteoblasts working in unison

A

Lamellar (secondary, mature) bone

53
Q

what is woven bone made of?

A

coarse, interwoven collagen fibers, increased numbers of osteocytes

54
Q

what does lamellar bone contain?

A

collagen fibers arranged in concentric layers; multiple series of osteoblast passes creating multiple layers of lamellae

55
Q

what are the 2 types of lamellar bone?

A
  1. cancellous/spongy/trabecular
  2. compact/dense/cortical
56
Q

______ is a 3D lattice of spicules, trabeculae and plates that has spaces that contain red and yellow marrow

A

cancellous bone

57
Q

______ is a solid mass of bone tissue that is highly organized around blood vessels

A

Compact bone

58
Q

________ is a layer of hard connective tissue between the hyaline articular cartilage and subchondral bone. It gets calcified due to the deposition of insoluble calcium salts in the bone matrix.

A

Calcified cartilage:

59
Q

______ is chemically similar to the mineral component of bone and hard tissues in mammals.

A

Hydroxyapatite

60
Q

what does hydroxyapatite do?

A

support bone ingrowth and osseointegration

61
Q

what is mineralization?

A

process by which organic bone matrix becomes filled with calcium phosphate nanocrystals

62
Q

mechanisms of mineralization? (5 steps)

A
  1. Small membrane bound vesicles bud off osteoblasts
  2. they contain phosphoserine, CA2+ PO4- cAMP, ATP, ATPase, CaBP, alkaline phosphatase
  3. Ca2+ pumps cause influx of Ca2+
  4. crystallization occurs, crystals break open vesicles
  5. Crystal formation continues in absence of vesicles
63
Q

mineralization is a highly _______and _____ process

A

organized and controlled

64
Q

primary vs secondary cartilage

A

Primary Cartilage
- develop early, known as “synchondrosis
- Function: protects your joints and bones, shock absorber throughout your body, reduces friction and prevents bones from rubbing together when you use your joints
- Composition: Collagen Type II
- Examples: growth plates between ossification centers in long bones
- Growth: Interstitial cell proliferation

Secondary cartilage:
- delayed in initiation, known as “symphysis”
- Function: only allow slight movement (found at skeletal midline)
- Composition: fibrocartilage, collagen types I and II
- Location EX: intermaxillary suture cartilage, angular cartilage, fracture callus; forms adjacent to intramembranous bone
- Origin: not derived from primary cartilaginous skeleton; formed from bipotential cells or periosteal origin
- Growth: appositional proliferation

601 EXAM 2 (11 decks)

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