22 - War Communism, New Economic Policy And The Five-Year Plans

Question 1

What did Lenin say that “Soviets + Electrification” equals? What did he want to modernise to show this equation worked?

Answer 1

“Communism”

Russia

Question 2

What type of ownership had Lenin abolished in 1917? What control did he recognise of the workers?

Answer 2

Private ownership

Their control of factories

Question 3

What did the workers’ control of factories legitimise?

Answer 3

Actions in cities and countrysides

Question 4

Why did Lenin increase state intervention for the workers? What fell as a result?

Answer 4

They weren’t experienced enough

Production

Question 5

What did peasants horde under heavy state intervention? Why?

Answer 5

Grain

Fewer industrial goods were for sale

Question 6

What was a basic human right necessary for the success of the Civil War? What Communism did this begin?

Answer 6

Workers and soldiers were fed

War Communism

Question 7

Why were Kulaks mostly targeted by requisitioning squads? What kind of “enemies” were they?

Answer 7

They had more grain to extract

“Class enemies”

Question 8

Where were factories nationalised? What hours were extended?

Answer 8

Cities

Working hours

Question 9

What was issued to stop workers leaving cities for food?

Answer 9

Internal passports

Question 10

Who won the Civil War? What did they fail to increase?

Answer 10

Bolsheviks

Factory production

Question 11

How much had industrial output decreased from 1914-21?

Answer 11

20%

Question 12

What did peasants resist in countrysides? What did they grow less of?

Answer 12

Food requisitioning

Grain

Question 13

What did many peasants destroy of their own to survive in countrysides? How many died partially because of this?

Answer 13

Livestock

Millions

Question 14

What 3 things had spread around the Soviet Union by 1922?

Answer 14

Famine
Disease
Strikes

Question 15

What revolts were widespread in Russia? What particular revolt was significantly alarming for the government?

Answer 15

Peasant revolts

Kronstadt sailors uprising

Question 16

How did Lenin appear after suppressing revolts? What did he announce in August 1921?

Answer 16

Shaken

NEP

Question 17

What requisitioning ended under the NEP? How much grain were peasants taxed on?

Answer 17

Grain requisitioning

20%

Question 18

What would the state continue to control in its economy? What industry did this involve?

Answer 18

Its “commanding heights”

Heavy industry

Question 19

What was allowed under the NEP for businesses? What size businesses were only allowed?

Answer 19

Private trade

Small businesses

Question 20

What was economic recovery in the NEP led by? What was there an end to?

Answer 20

Increase in grain to cities

Unrest and revolts

Question 21

What class of peasants were revived? What type of men emerged?

Answer 21

Kulaks

“NEPmen”

Question 22

What production was slow under the NEP? What did peasants hold back as a result of a lack of consumer goods?

Answer 22

Industrial production

Grain

Question 23

How much did grain procurement increase between 1926-27?

Answer 23

75%

Question 24

What seizures did Stalin order? What did he believe was a solution to the grain crisis?

Answer 24

Grain seizures

“Large-scale farms of a collective type”

Question 25

What Plan did Stalin announce in December 1927? Why did he believe the Soviet Union needed modernisation?

Answer 25

“Five-Year Plan”

So it could catch up with the Western world

Question 26

What did Stalin say about the importance of his Five-Year Plans?

Answer 26

“Either we do it or we shall be crushed”

Question 27

What did the Soviet Union become under the FYP? How did it plan to defend itself?

Answer 27

Self-sufficient

Building industries

Question 28

What would the Soviet Union export to pay for machinery? What decree of Stalin’s did this emphasise?

Answer 28

Grain

“Socialism in One Country”

Question 29

What does Historian Orlando Figes argue about the NEP?

Answer 29

“It was an ill-formated attempt to redefine socialism”

Question 30

What does Historian J. P. Netting argue about the supply of the Soviet Union during the first FYP?

Answer 30

“During the first FYP, the Soviet Union was abundantly supplied”

Question 31

What does Historian Edward Acton state about the base of the Soviet Union by 1941?

Answer 31

“The Soviet Union had established a mighty industrial base”